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Alloxan

    • Product Name Alloxan
    • Alias 2,4,5,6-Tetraketopyrimidine
    • Einecs 204-073-7
    • Mininmum Order 1 g
    • Factory Site Tengfei Creation Center,55 Jiangjun Avenue, Jiangning District,Nanjing
    • Price Inquiry admin@sinochem-nanjing.com
    • Manufacturer Sinochem Nanjing Corporation
    • CONTACT NOW
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    Specifications

    HS Code

    578981

    Chemical Name Alloxan
    Chemical Formula C4H2N2O4
    Molecular Weight 142.07 g/mol
    Appearance White crystalline powder
    Melting Point 255-260 °C (decomposes)
    Solubility In Water High
    Cas Number 54-71-7
    Pubchem Cid 204
    Synonyms 2,4,5,6-Tetraoxypyrimidine; Alloxan monohydrate
    Boiling Point Decomposes before boiling
    Density 1.782 g/cm³
    Storage Conditions Keep container tightly closed, store at 2-8°C
    Usage Research chemical, used to induce diabetes in laboratory animals
    Pka Approx. 3.5
    Hazard Statements Toxic if swallowed, causes oxidative damage

    As an accredited Alloxan factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.

    Packing & Storage
    Packing Alloxan is packaged in a 100-gram amber glass bottle, tightly sealed, labeled with hazard warnings and chemical identification details.
    Shipping Alloxan is typically shipped as a solid powder in tightly sealed, labeled containers to prevent moisture and contamination. It should be packaged in accordance with hazardous chemical transport regulations, including cushioning materials and secondary containment. Shipping requires proper documentation, and care should be taken to avoid exposure to light, heat, and incompatible substances.
    Storage Alloxan should be stored in a tightly closed container, in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and incompatible substances, such as strong oxidizing agents. Protect from moisture and ignition sources. Proper labeling and secure storage are essential to prevent accidental contact or inhalation. Avoid storing with food or drink and restrict access to trained personnel only.
    Application of Alloxan

    Applications of Alloxan in Industrial Manufacturing

    As a direct manufacturer of alloxan, we supply material designed for specialized use within several high-value industrial sectors. Below, we present structured application scenarios that enable safe, compliant, and technically-sound downstream processing.

    1. Pharmaceutical Synthesis for Diabetes Research

    Pharmaceutical R&D laboratories and pilot production facilities use alloxan primarily to induce experimental diabetes in animal models for antidiabetic drug discovery. Researchers dissolve alloxan in buffer solutions prior to administration, following highly-constrained handling and dosing protocols. Process chemists monitor purity strictly due to sensitivity in biological models; uncontrolled variables may skew preclinical results. Careful adjustment of batch composition is vital, as alloxan's reactivity and decomposition under ambient conditions demand precision weighing, fresh solution preparation, and minimal delay between dissolution and application.

    Industry compliance standards

    • ISO 9001:2015 for quality management systems in pharmaceutical materials
    • EU Directive 2010/63/EU on animal research
    • OECD Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) guidelines
    • Local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) protocols

    Typical usage ratio

    • Dosages range from 50–200 mg/kg of body weight depending on species and experimental goals; concentration of working solution typically 0.1–0.2% w/v, freshly prepared immediately before use.

    Downstream process integration

    • Material enters laboratory preproom under controlled atmosphere.
    • Operators dissolve alloxan directly in sterile, chilled saline or sodium citrate buffer.
    • Freshly prepared solution introduced to animal model via intraperitoneal or intravenous route.
    • Testing proceeds under GLP and animal welfare monitoring.

    Final product types

    • Non-commercial research animal models of diabetes
    • Preclinical datasets for submission to regulatory authorities (e.g., FDA, EMA)
    • Documentation packages for synthetic reference standards in bioanalytical assays

    2. Fine Chemical Intermediates for Heterocyclic Compound Synthesis

    Process chemists in fine chemicals manufacturing adopt alloxan as a specialized building block for constructing barbituric acids, pyrimidine derivatives, and related heterocycles. Reaction conditions typically require anhydrous processing and temperature control due to the material’s susceptibility to hydrolysis and side-reactions. Quality assurance protocols focus on batch traceability and minimization of byproducts through careful control of molar stoichiometry and reaction time. End users further isolate and purify target molecules by crystallization or solvent extraction, depending on downstream synthesis needs.

    Industry compliance standards

    • ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 for chemical production quality and environmental management
    • REACH Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 for substance registration and traceability
    • NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) guidelines for hazardous processing

    Typical usage ratio

    • Molar ratios vary from 1.00:1.00 to 1.20:1.00 (alloxan:core reactant) depending on heterocycle target; pilot scale batches typically employ 5–10% excess to drive completion.

    Downstream process integration

    • Material delivered into jacketed glass-lined reactors under nitrogen blanket.
    • Charged into initial condensation stage with downstream pH and temperature management.
    • Reaction progress monitored by HPLC and LC/MS until endpoint.
    • Intermediate separated, washed, and dried for either immediate use or storage.

    Final product types

    • Barbituric acid intermediates
    • Pyrimidine-based pharmaceutical building blocks
    • Custom heterocyclic cores for agrochemical synthesis

    3. Textile Dye and Pigment Precursor Manufacturing

    Dye manufacturers utilize alloxan in the production of certain specialty vat dyes and pigment precursor molecules. Its function as an oxidizing agent enables controlled formation of chromophoric systems based on uracil and related organic frameworks. Operators need to manage atmospheric moisture, as product yield depends on limiting hydrolysis and promoting specific oxidation pathways. Quality control at this stage involves routine batch analytics via UV-vis and NMR to confirm intermediate identity prior to large-scale downstream condensation or coupling reactions.

    Industry compliance standards

    • ISO 9001 for process quality management in dye manufacture
    • OEKO-TEX® Standard 100 for safety of finished textile dyes
    • Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
    • Health and Safety Executive (HSE) COSHH regulations (UK) for handling classified substances

    Typical usage ratio

    • Reactant charged at 5–15% w/w relative to principal aromatic precursor; tight control required to avoid color variability or incomplete formation of target chromophores.

    Downstream process integration

    • Precursor loaded into blend tank with associated aromatic or heterocyclic system.
    • Operators initiate oxidation with alloxan under staged addition to maintain process safety and color consistency.
    • Color formation monitored visually and analytically; batch advanced for precipitation or further derivatization once color development confirmed.

    Final product types

    • Vat dyes for cotton and cellulosic fibers
    • Intermediate pigment compounds for specialty printing inks
    • Reactive dye intermediates exported for use in East Asian textile factories

    4. Laboratory Reagent Supply for Analytical Chemistry

    Producers of analytical reagent kits incorporate alloxan in colorimetric assays for research and diagnostic laboratories. Key applications include the quantitative determination of uric acid, creatinine, and peroxide in biological fluids. Formulation chemists adjust purity, stabilizer addition, and granulation process according to the specific method and instrument compatibility required by laboratory end users. Stability testing is critical due to the oxidative instability of alloxan—proper packaging under inert gas ensures validity of certificate of analysis through shelf life.

    Industry compliance standards

    • ISO 13485 for medical device and in vitro diagnostic (IVD) reagent manufacturing
    • CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) protocols for colorimetric procedures
    • EN ISO 15189 for medical laboratory accreditation

    Typical usage ratio

    • Formulated at 0.1–0.5% w/w in reagent mixture, adjusted to target linearity range of analytical method; batch-to-batch adjustment based on absorbance calibration testing.

    Downstream process integration

    • Powder blended in GMP mixing suites, under nitrogen atmosphere.
    • Stabilizers and co-reactants added before granulation.
    • Kits are subdivided and vacuum-packed to reduce moisture uptake.
    • Final QC includes spectrophotometric calibration against NIST-traceable standards.

    Final product types

    • Diagnostic reagent kits (quantitative uric acid/creatinine detection)
    • Analytical standards for research chromatography
    • Custom test strips for life sciences research supply houses
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    Certification & Compliance
    More Introduction

    Alloxan: Experience in Direct Manufacturing and Quality Control

    What Alloxan Brings to Industrial Chemistry

    Lab work sets the stage for quality chemistry, but scaled, pure alloxan brings real-world consistency only through tight controls in a purpose-built production plant. We start with genuine urea and real nitric and sulfuric acid for conversion and use a closed-loop crystallization system to manage temperature shocks often missed by third-party handlers. Our actual output gives a pale-white, free-flowing crystal with a sharp odor—our fingerprint, derived from years of refining thermal treatment and wash steps.

    Specifications Defined by Daily Production

    The most useful data comes from feet on concrete, not spreadsheets. Typical output runs 99% minimum purity by HPLC, with batch-by-batch certification against genuine alloxan hydrate. Moisture sits steady under 0.2%, as set by direct oven-loss. Residue on ignition holds at less than 0.05%, controlled through our repeated hot water fractionations. These levels are proven, not just targeted.

    Particle size influences handling and reactivity more than people realize. Most batches move well between 50 to 200 mesh. Finer cuts below 100 mesh make for faster dissolution—something we control with a mechanical sifter, not just manual sieving. The color rest in a near-opaque white, free of yellow or brown, reflecting both ingredient control and diligent in-line filtration. No surface grittiness or damp cake in our batches: only a consistently dry, pourable crystalline solid.

    Key Differences from Commodity-Grade Alloxan

    Some suppliers take shortcuts and blend degraded starting material or bulk up with fillers. We stick with single-lot, high-purity urea, and traceable acids—something we audit every month. The difference stands out during actual syntheses: high-purity alloxan reacts fast, without lag or side-reactions. Cheap substitutes foam more or leave a sticky, colored residue. It’s a headache for process engineers, and it ruins reliability in laboratory runs. We see fewer failed syntheses and less glassware contamination when clients switch to our output.

    Cost savings rise during repeated cycles. Where bulk alloxan might force double washes or longer dissolution steps, our material flows in quick, even pours, dissolving with nothing left behind in the beaker’s corners. This focus on end-use translates not only into better yield and process times but also safer, cleaner downstream chemistry—particularly for those doing organics or making pharmaceutical intermediates. Our neighboring customers have run duplicate trials and clocked faster completion times, less waste, and lower overall process variability.

    Applications: Knowing Alloxan Beyond the Lab Manual

    Alloxan’s most common calling rests in research—specifically in diabetes animal model studies, where it’s used to induce β-cell destruction in rodents for pharmaceutical experiments. Here, batch purity and consistency have a direct impact. Impure alloxan will throw off dosing, or the model won't work as expected. We’ve collaborated with university labs running side-by-sides, watching our product outperform less consistent competitors. Less variability means more convincing data, cleaner experiments, and clearer publications.

    Dye chemistry sees a different challenge: repeat reactions in pigment manufacture. Here, every excess impurity can dull color intensity or force costly rework. Textile operations have run test batches using our alloxan; after years of repeat purchases, they tell us that the waste tanks run clearer, dye loads stay vibrant, and scale formation on filter screens drops noticeably. Here, production metrics confirm what eye-tests suggest: input quality saves money.

    A less direct, but no less important, use shows up in organic synthesis as a building block. Labs using alloxan for uracil and barbituric acid precursors tracked a 10–15% yield boost after switching to our direct output. They attributed gains to the lack of side products inhibiting reaction flows, and that lines up with what we see under analytical QC—a clean spectra lets chemists focus on actual organic transformations, not scrubbing out decomposed junk.

    Why Specifications Matter Down the Chain

    Direct manufacturers see incoming feedback loops. When someone calls about a failed reaction or unexpected color change, we run parallel counterbatches using reference-grade alloxan against the returned sample. Subtle differences—even a trace rise in mono- or dimethylurea—quickly show up in NMR and dissolve tests. Regular batch review has driven us to double up on post-synthesis filtration and invest in fresh dry vacuum gear to catch stubborn water, which helped cut downstream user complaints by half over the last five quarters.

    What happens at the supplier level impacts downstream producer confidence. We track each drum using a unique production lot, so if a lab experiences a rare anomaly, we don’t shuffle blame between brokers—it’s our batch, our recipe, our people. That culture of accountability grew from direct experience running both test batches and commercial-scale purification. In practice, it means that recurring users receive the same profile each month, with no blind spots or variability caused by disconnected third parties.

    Environmental, Health, and Production Safety

    High-purity, stable output also improves handling risks. In the plant, staff suits up with proper gloves and ventilation, but low-dust, chunky crystals still reduce inhalation hazards compared to finer, overly dry powders often sold at cut-rate prices. This means plant air stays cleaner, and drums remain safer over months in storage—verified by on-site exposure monitoring. While alloxan needs respect as a cytotoxic compound, manufacturing controls built around air-handling and immediate sealing cut the acute risk profile, confirmed by near-zero incident records year over year.

    Responsible manufacturing brings byproduct management and waste disposal into focus. Every chemical batch leaves behind acid residues and minor urea traces. We maintain in-house acid neutralization and waste distillation set-ups, which keep local effluent figures tightly below legal limits. Local regulators have audited us on effluent streams as well as batch records, and our team worked hand-in-hand to solve plumbing bottlenecks spotted on remote cameras, leading to a drop in both downtime and bulk waste generation.

    Regular staff training closes the loop on safe production. Every new hire shadows a senior chemist and learns to read our in-house titration and HPLC charts, not just general MSDS sheets. If a batch runs hot or develops odd color bands, on-site intervention catches it before bottling—limiting risk of off-spec shipments and possible downstream issues among customers.

    Market Trends: How Practical Changes Impact Production

    Real supply issues rarely play out in spreadsheets—they break out on the production line, with shipments delayed due to a hiccup in urea sourcing or acid permitting. Adapting to fluctuating supply conditions called for tighter relationships with regional sources, cutting risk of extended downtime or unplanned reformulation. Our plant calendar now builds in buffer capacity, and line managers hold weekly meetings with procurement. Even during recent global instability, those habits kept us shipping on time, while others scrambled to fill orders.

    Demand patterns continue drifting toward higher-purity grades. Academic groups and specialty manufacturers measure outcome quality by margin swings—often a single failed batch costs more than a small price premium for a controlled, high-grade input. Repeat customers bring critical feedback: requests for tailored mesh or single-lot certificates jump, and we use that input. Production changes that improve traceability benefit everyone, from floor staff up through to shipment QA. Our annual review meetings always focus on how customer usage apps have shifted, and these stories find their way back into process tweaks—sometimes resulting in a new mesh size, other times driving a change in drum liners or transport pallets.

    Field results point toward an increasing focus on documentation and digital lot-tracking. Where clients in the past accepted generic certificates, drug and research labs now want detailed logs on storage conditions, batch purity by spectrum, and run dates. We invested in plant-wide digital batch recorders three years ago, and that step reduced error rates. Stored samples supply documentation during lab audits, safeguarding both our team and our buyers.

    Challenges Only Direct Manufacturers Face

    Staffing and technical training remain constant challenges. Running an efficient plant means skill gaps quickly become process bottlenecks. Our senior shift managers started in hands-on roles, gaining familiarity with granulator quirks and dryer timings well before they qualified for oversight. We still struggle to fill top spots with younger chemists—more prefer R&D benchwork to round-the-clock manufacturing, despite the impact stable jobs make in surrounding communities.

    Machinery reliability matters as much as chemical know-how. Gear wears, especially with acids in constant use. Planned downtime, preventative maintenance, and on-site repair kits ended our bad run of unscheduled production stops; for two quarters, production dropped from 40 to 30 drums a week, traced to neglected filter replacements. Now, operators log equipment hours by hand at each shift, feeding simple predictive tools that flag possible failures early. This focus saved money, improved batch consistency, and kept difficult-to-replace orders on-track.

    Weather and external supply disruptions offer little room for error. In the past, sourcing pure water during local shortages slowed or stopped runs, risking missed customer deadlines. Now, we run dual reserve tanks and pre-treat water daily, building redundancy right into our process flows. Severe storms across the region have tested that planning, and, more than once, frankly saved our schedule.

    Opportunities for Manufacturing Innovation

    Direct experience on the shop floor exposes places where chemistry and process engineering overlap. Byproducts once treated as simple waste can now be recycled or purified into other specialty chemicals, driven by feedback from process chemists and sustainability pressures. Our team tracks pilot efforts to convert secondary streams into saleable fractions—work which drew on years working with the real limitations of small-batch acid recycling.

    We experience firsthand the market drag from hazardous classifications. The long-term answer sits not just in protective equipment but also in process change. We started shifting to more enclosed transfer and weighing modules, cutting air and surface contamination. Our control data now shows lower operator exposure, faster clean-down, and lower environmental release counts. Down the road, we see value in linking chemical production directly with on-site analytic monitoring—letting staff intervene faster and document changes in real time, which appeals to our most rigorous users.

    Every manufacturing run teaches something—whether a technical skill or a new safety procedure. Sharing best practices with industry partners, learning from their batch failures, and forming working groups aimed at solving regulatory or environmental problems builds trust along the whole supply chain. Our commitment to quality comes not from ad campaigns, but from those daily lessons. Each batch, we commit to producing alloxan worthy of both our standards and our customers’ expectations, with full accountability for what leaves our site.

    The Role of Analytical Quality and Trust

    Long-term value in chemical manufacture draws its strength from earned customer trust, proven output, and technical transparency. We post precise batch data, invite customer audits, and respond directly to client QC calls—each step reinforcing confidence. We source raw materials only from those who comply with our direct verification regime, which means every input into each batch meets or exceeds expectations.

    Quality alloxan can’t be faked through paperwork alone. Real value comes from accumulated technical skill, accountability in sourcing, hands-on training, and open dialogue with industry and research partners. Every chemical drum leaving our plant carries not just a product, but also the accumulated expertise and effort of everyone who worked that lot from start to finish.