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Niclosamide crops up in the mid-20th century as scientists began searching for compounds that could tackle parasitic worms, especially in aquatic environments. Its journey from a veterinary antihelminthic to a broad-spectrum pesticide didn’t follow a straight line. With agricultural expansion after World War II, demand for pesticides with targeted action—and less environmental persistence—pushed researchers to look beyond organochlorines and organophosphates. Niclosamide delivers selective toxicity against unwanted aquatic life, providing a tool for snail control during schistosomiasis campaigns. As chemical regulations stiffened through the 1970s and 1980s, the reputation for limited bioaccumulation kept niclosamide in the toolkit for aquatic pest management. Today, governing bodies in multiple countries recognize its use, shaped in large part by decades of field observation and evolving safety standards.
Niclosamide Anhydrous, in the context of pesticide applications, serves largely in aquatic pest control. In my experience, technicians appreciate its action against golden apple snails and certain fish species that would otherwise damage rice crops. By the time niclosamide leaves the lab, it promises not only effectiveness in hostile conditions—hot, muddy, alkaline water—but also reliability during transport and storage. Its bright, yellowish powder signals a high degree of purity, immediately recognizable on site. While it shares its core structure with pharmaceutical preparations, the industrial version skips many of the refinements meant for tablets or capsules, focusing instead on agricultural needs, cost, and field practicality.
The chemical, C13H8Cl2N2O4, rolls out as a yellow crystalline powder that’s barely soluble in water but fares better in organic solvents. Its melting point sits at just above 230°C, which means it tolerates the kinds of temperatures equipment sometimes throws off during application in tropical fields. I’ve seen technical teams pour over its limited volatility and relatively heavy molecular weight—327.1 g/mol—when planning logistics, knowing it won’t just vanish on a breezy afternoon. Niclosamide’s molecular stability stands up to UV light and doesn’t degrade quickly in normal field conditions. Its distinct bitter taste and faint phenolic odor, though of little consequence during its practical use, hint at its benzamide backbone and give safety trainers a sensory clue in contaminated environments.
At the industrial level, niclosamide anhydrous formulations must meet high minimum purity specifications, often over 97%, to pass regulatory controls. In practice, product labels don’t shy away from clear warnings about aquatic toxicity and the correct dosages, since overdosing can take out fish along with pests. Technical sheets—those I see in warehouses and on job sites—spell out not just the chemical and trade names but also batch numbers, production dates, and shelf-life expectations. Each container needs to highlight emergency procedures, personal protective equipment requirements, and first aid advice, responding to real-life mistakes from the field. While plenty of attention goes to environmental hazard statements, users value bulletproof, user-friendly instructions over jargon.
Synthesizing niclosamide follows a route described in many organic chemistry manuals: condensation of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. This method leverages the relative availability and affordability of precursor chemicals, which keeps costs within reach for commercial use. In industry settings, keeping control of reaction temperature and pH prevents side products and helps meet the market’s need for near-anhydrous grade. Once crystals precipitate, thorough washing and drying reduce trace impurities. Technologists rely on robust standard operating procedures, testing intermediate and final product at each step with chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. As manufacturing scales up, waste handling and byproduct management turn into serious regulatory and cost considerations, demanding careful control of output streams.
The chemical backbone of niclosamide includes both nitro and chloro-substituted benzene rings, offering potential sites for further modification. I’ve seen researchers experimenting with esterification or salt formation to improve solubility profiles, especially for use in slow-release aquatic baits. Niclosamide absorbs electrons, making it pretty redox stable under field conditions. Iodination or sulfation, on paper, produce analogues with different biocidal activities, but for most pesticide applications, the original anhydrous form outperforms its cousins in stability and residue profile. In contact with strong bases, it shows some degree of hydrolysis, which brings a short window for application in highly alkaline waters before performance tails off. These nuances shape formulation development, encouraging process design that leans on its persistence where necessary, but avoids buildup in vulnerable waterways.
Niclosamide shows up in procurement catalogs and safety data sheets under a variety of names. Beyond its IUPAC name, 5-chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide, I’ve often seen listings like Bayluscide, NICLOCIDE, and even trade-labeled as Aquacide. These synonyms respond to historical manufacturer branding, regulatory filings, or simply regional custom. Frequently, importers and exporters deal with confusion when customs documents reference these alternative designations. For operational continuity and legal compliance, field teams look for clear cross-references between all names on packaging, shipping documents, and compliance certificates to avoid errors and inventory mix-ups.
Few pesticides get handled as carefully as niclosamide, especially where open water exposure draws intense regulator and public scrutiny. Safety managers train workers to avoid skin contact and inhalation by mandating chemical-resistant gloves, goggles, and half-face respirators during mixing and application. Mainstream protocols rely on the use of splash-proof coveralls when mixing or handling concentrated formulations. The chemical’s high aquatic toxicity means operators follow rigorous spill containment and clean-up programs, using absorbent material and pre-positioned emergency wash stations. Written records track both storage temperatures and container integrity, because niclosamide absorbs moisture from air and cakes up at high humidity, reducing reliability during critical pest outbreak response times.
Rice paddies and canal systems in Asia, South America, and Africa account for much of the world’s large-scale usage of niclosamide, targeting mollusks and unwanted fish that threaten both yields and human health. Snail vectors for schistosomiasis, in particular, prompt coordinated government spraying programs, balancing pest control against non-target risks. Out in the field, crews mix measured doses into irrigation water or directly into canals with portable pumps, following carefully mapped distribution plans. Fishery managers sometimes use the compound in restricted amounts to clear ponds ahead of stocking or to manage troublesome introduced species. Because of its impact on aquatic invertebrates, regulators keep a close eye on use patterns, pushing for training that emphasizes impact assessment and mitigation.
Research teams have combed through the molecular workings of niclosamide for decades, searching for ways to expand its use while minimizing ecological footprint. Investigators dig into its mode of action—uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in parasite mitochondria—which blocks energy transfer and leads to rapid elimination of target species. Some new research looks at formulating nanostructured versions to prolong release time and reduce the risk of rapid runoff following rainfall, a challenge on sloped rice fields and drainage ditches. Laboratories experiment as well with isomeric derivatives, pursuing slightly less toxic analogues to non-target wildlife while driving down application rates. University trials often focus on population monitoring, examining whether repeated exposure causes resistance or species shifts in target aquatic ecosystems.
Niclosamide’s toxicity profile matters to both applicators and the communities that rely on treated waters for food and drinking. Acute exposure to fish and crustaceans can trigger sweeping mortality events when dosing exceeds thresholds, a lesson written painfully into the records of early snail control campaigns. Rats and other mammals present at the application zone show comparatively lower sensitivity, yet direct ingestion risk brings poison center calls from accidental hand-to-mouth contact. Chronic exposure studies flag the possibility of bioaccumulation in aquatic sediments, though routine monitoring often turns up negligible residue in treated fields where water is drained and replaced. EPA and European guidelines list niclosamide among those chemicals requiring routine water testing post-application in sensitive wildlife reserves. To protect both workers and communities, regulatory authorities demand strict compliance with buffer zones, application timing, and personal hygiene protocols during and after spraying.
The future of niclosamide anhydrous in pesticide management ties itself to the complex balance between yield assurance and environmental safeguarding. I’ve watched as new government rules in major rice-producing countries tighten allowable application rates, a reflection of mounting ecological awareness among producers and consumers alike. R&D continues to push boundaries—innovative encapsulation technologies, genetic mapping of resistance among target species, and integrated pest management strategies aim to carve out a place for niclosamide that’s tightly targeted and less disruptive to aquatic food chains. Scientists in the pharmaceutical sector have even circled back to investigate niclosamide’s antiviral and anticancer potential, suggesting possible avenues for derived molecules beyond simple pest control. The track record of decades-long deployment shows the adaptability of this compound, though its presence in the future toolbox will likely depend on ongoing demonstrations of safety, careful stewardship, and a willingness to embrace the lessons learned from both field successes and hard-won mistakes.
Niclosamide anhydrous, best known for its role in disrupting pests, earns plenty of attention, especially where water sources intertwine with human activity. Farmers and public health workers have long relied on this chemical, and it finds its biggest use as a molluscicide. In simple terms, that means it’s put to work battling snails and certain aquatic pests that threaten crops and health along rivers, irrigation channels, and wetlands. Many people might not pause to think about snails, but some of them, such as the freshwater types, spread diseases like schistosomiasis, which still impacts communities across Africa, parts of Asia, and South America.
Agriculture often runs up against pest problems, especially in rice paddies and aquaculture ponds. Niclosamide steps in as a key defense here. Snail infestations can damage seedlings and compromise yields, leaving farm families with less to bring to market. One rice farmer told me he lost ten percent of his expected harvest before switching over to a regimen that used niclosamide, and the difference showed by the season’s end.
Besides crops, water systems attract attention because snails thrive in stagnant or slow-moving water. By targeting the snails before they overwhelm these habitats, land managers help prevent both agricultural loss and outbreaks of waterborne illness. This approach doesn’t solve every problem, but it gives under-resourced rural and peri-urban communities a fighting chance, especially where alternatives remain costly or inconsistent.
Any story around pesticides inspires hard questions about environmental impact. Niclosamide works well on target species, but it can harm fish and other aquatic life if handled carelessly. Regulatory bodies like the World Health Organization and authorities in several countries set strict guidelines. Only trained professionals get authorized to apply it in open water, often under the watchful eye of local health officers.
Some non-target species slip through the cracks, and that’s a worry. Aquatic ecosystems hold more than just the pests we chase. If someone doses too heavily or fails to monitor affected waters, the result can ripple across the food chain. Ongoing research attempts to balance these concerns, and more communities push for responsible use, clear dosing instructions, and ongoing measurement of environmental effects.
Stories from the field show that change often starts with education. Farmers who used to use chemical treatments indiscriminately now talk with extension agents about timing and quantity. Integrated pest management brings niclosamide into a broader toolkit, so it appears alongside physical barriers and biological controls. One village switched from year-round application to only during peak pest breeding seasons, and many noticed fewer unintended die-offs in nearby waters.
Manufacturers and researchers continue working on formulas that lower the risk for fish and beneficial insects. There's progress, though nothing replaces watchful management and open communication. Local governments and NGOs both play a role, and so do everyday users — each farming family or maintenance worker who asks questions or reads the label twice before mixing a batch.
Niclosamide anhydrous matters because it lets people protect food security and public health, but that comes with a duty to tread carefully. The balance rarely feels perfect, but thoughtful use and good information make a lasting difference on farms and waterways seen all over the world.
Few topics draw more conversation among aquatic pest managers and fishery experts than how much chemical is “just right” for effective control. Niclosamide Anhydrous, a go-to molluscicide, serves a crucial purpose in controlling snail populations that carry schistosomiasis and other harmful trematodes. Missteps in dosage—not too heavy, not too meager—make all the difference between a win for public health and unintended environmental impact.
Decades of fieldwork and trials have shaped the rates people trust today. The World Health Organization recommends, for schistosomiasis transmission sites, a range of 0.25 to 1.0 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of active ingredient. In heavily infested irrigation canals, a rate closer to 1.0 mg/L often becomes necessary to knock down persistent snail hosts. For minor infestations or smaller water bodies, users lean toward rates on the lower end. Crop fields or fish ponds rarely need more than 0.25 to 0.5 mg/L, since this concentration takes care of most pests without needlessly shocking other aquatic life.
Precision gets personal when local conditions come into play. Water movement, temperature, and organic content chew through a lot of best-laid plans. I’ve worked with teams who started with textbook rates, only to realize that muddy, high-organic waters near village reservoirs demand a nudge upward for actual impact. Practical experience trumps formulas—field testing before a wider roll-out helps avoid underdosing (wasting time and labor) or overdosing (killing off the fish stock along with the snails).
Every drop counts because Niclosamide, despite its high purpose, can take down more than snails. Fish show sensitivity at only slightly higher doses, and even amphibians can show stress. In my own region, managers stagger treatments, cordon off treated zones, and keep to early morning applications when dissolved oxygen holds steady. Quick action plans for accidental spills or run-off sharpen the line between targeted success and ecosystem risk. Following label instructions—closely—makes this chemical a tool, not a hazard.
Local agriculture, water use, and aquaculture patterns force constant tweaking. In rice paddies, application rates often settle under 0.3 mg/L to spare both edible fish and migratory birds. Prawn farms, heavily dependent on clean aquatic habitats, push for even lower exposures and staggered patch-wise treatment. Local extension agents often carry out side-by-side tests each season, reporting back tweaks to their districts for broader community adoption. Building a feedback loop between field users and technical authorities keeps accidental losses at bay and supports transparent stewardship.
No single chart or study tells the full story. Yet, data from the WHO, FAO, and national agriculture boards form the backbone of trusted guidance. Studies from China, Egypt, and Brazil have proven that keeping rates in the recommended band—0.25–1 mg/L—saves both funds and fish. Skipping pre-application water testing can undermine months of hard work. Experience, training, and ongoing monitoring converge into responsible, effective snail control.
Companies and local communities can do more: ongoing farmer education, transparent access to the latest recommendations, and promotion of integrated management strategies all move us away from single-minded chemical reliance. Biological controls, habitat tweaking, and regular water body assessments round out the picture. The goal remains clear—smart application, healthy waterways, resilient communities.
Niclosamide anhydrous turns up in discussions about public health and pest control. As a chemical designed to knock out parasites and invasive snails, it finds its way into ponds, lakes, and rivers. Local governments and aquaculture businesses often rely on it to clear out disease-spreading snails, especially where schistosomiasis breaks out. Here’s the catch: each dose doesn’t just hit unwanted pests. It ends up swirling through whole aquatic ecosystems, mixing with local food chains, and sometimes doing more than what was set out in the first place.
Research points out that niclosamide isn’t gentle on everything living underwater. According to work published in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, even at low concentrations (as low as 0.1 mg/L), the chemical can harm sensitive fish species. Carp and trout, which are valuable to both ecosystems and local economies, have shown troubling effects when exposed: gill damage, sluggish behavior, problems with growth. Ecologists tracking amphibians, insects, and mollusks also speak up. Laboratory and field studies report sharp drops in snail populations not targeted by the application, which in turn leave food chains lopsided. When the snail populations dip, certain birds and fish lose a key source of food, setting off ripple effects in delicate wetland communities.
Niclosamide anhydrous doesn’t linger forever. It tends to break down when sunlight hits surface water. Still, how long it sticks around depends on water temperature, pH, and whether it gets buried in mud or organic matter. In cooler, shaded spots, residue may persist for days or even weeks. During this time, it puts stress on more than just snails and worms; traces have been found in crustaceans and insects as well. While the chemical gets broken down eventually, this window can be enough for populations to take a hard hit, especially in waterways that flow slowly.
Public health pushes authorities to act, especially where parasitic infections threaten children and families. But clearing waterways with broad chemicals force communities to face trade-offs. The World Health Organization puts guidelines in place for using molluscicides like niclosamide, warn against overuse, and encourage ecological management whenever possible. In several places, integrated control—using predators, physical barriers for snails, and targeted doses—has stepped in to lessen the fallout. By keeping chemical use focused and rare, these strategies give non-target species a fighting chance and let wetlands keep their balance.
Conversations with farmers and public health officials highlight the importance of keeping water testing and impact monitoring in mind. Rapid field tests for residue help adjust dosage, and some researchers suggest switching to alternatives where practical, such as biological predators or controlled habitat changes. These approaches still require buy-in from local residents, training, and a transparent view of what gets dumped into waterways. Transparency and public involvement go a long way in protecting both people and natural systems.
The impact of niclosamide anhydrous on aquatic life and surrounding environments is real. Anyone dealing with this chemical—whether in a lab, a farm, or a city office—needs to pay attention to its double-edged effects. Fishers, swimmers, and families living near treated water have a stake in these outcomes. Careful use, solid monitoring, and exploring alternative methods reduce risks without leaving public health behind. At the end of the day, protecting water quality, wildlife, and people calls for choices that respect both science and the voices of those who depend on clean, living water.
Niclosamide Anhydrous serves important functions in the world of pharmaceuticals and pest control, but it doesn’t come without real risks. Taking this compound for granted can endanger both health and the environment. The hazard labels alone should set off alarms: Niclosamide Anhydrous can irritate eyes, skin, and airways if mishandled. I’ve watched colleagues rush and pay the price with rashes or coughing fits. Respect for safe handling can’t be stressed enough.
One of the first things drilled into anyone in a lab environment: don’t skimp on PPE. Gloves—preferably nitrile—keep this powder from finding its way onto skin. Chemical-resistant goggles ensure even minor splashes stay out of your eyes. Working with long sleeves, closed shoes, and full lab coats might seem tedious on a hot day, but short sleeves don’t block skin contact, and sandals aren’t much help when powders drop.
Dust masks or, better, a certified respirator matter because Niclosamide Anhydrous easily becomes airborne during measuring and transfer. Inhaling dust seems trivial until you’re left with a scratchy throat and headaches that linger long after you leave the lab. For anyone serious about safety, a fit-tested respirator becomes standard gear.
Small mistakes cause big problems with this compound. Pouring and weighing should happen inside a proper fume hood or at the very least with a local exhaust hood running. Years ago, I saw what happens if someone uses a regular workbench: the faintest breeze circulates powder around the room. Somebody unaware, even ten feet away, can end up exposed. Good airflow and well-maintained extraction systems cut down this risk.
If spills happen—and they do—don’t rush to sweep loose powder. Dry sweeping makes the particles airborne. I’ve seen better results by gently covering the spill with damp cloths or paper towels, then collecting everything into sealable waste bags. Any cleaning materials exposed to Niclosamide Anhydrous should land right in the hazardous waste bin, not regular trash.
This compound lasts longest and stays safest in sealed, labeled containers kept in cool, dry places. Avoiding sunlight prevents breakdown. Over the years, I’ve seen forgotten containers hidden behind reagent bottles turn into crusty, leaking messes. Fireproof cabinets add another layer of protection in case of accidents. Good labeling avoids mistaken identity, helping others steer clear even if you’re not present.
Niclosamide Anhydrous poses hazards outside of immediate human contact. Any waste must go into proper chemical disposal systems; it shouldn’t reach the sewer. Monitoring for leaks or residue on benches reduces unintentional exposure inside facilities. Regular audits keep everyone sharp and protocols up to date.
Training goes hand-in-hand with safe handling. No one should assume that reading a label gives all the right answers. Demonstrations with real-life scenarios and easy access to safety data sheets make a huge difference. I’ve seen first-year technicians pick up good habits much faster after workshops that don’t just list steps but show why they matter through shared mishap stories.
Complacency can turn an everyday operation into an emergency. Through vigilance, preparation, and the right tools, handling Niclosamide Anhydrous stays routine and uneventful. These habits—built on real experience and careful observation—transform labs into safer spaces for everyone who walks through the doors.
Anyone who’s worked with pesticides like Niclosamide Anhydrous knows just how strict the rules around storage can get, and with good reason. This isn’t your average household cleaner—this compound, designed to tackle tough pests, carries risks for people and the environment if managed carelessly. I’ve seen firsthand how easy mistakes can happen when containers go unmarked or storage rooms lack good ventilation. Humidity and heat can both degrade the product and spark dangerous chemical reactions.
So, the basics become non-negotiable: a dedicated, locked space away from sunlight and any sources of ignition. No open flames anywhere nearby. Niclosamide needs a cool, dry place, ideally sitting on shelves off the floor to shield it from minor flooding or accidental leaks. Use of sturdy, chemical-resistant containers keeps the integrity of the substance intact. Labelling makes a world of difference—not just for compliance, but for the health and safety of anyone stepping inside that shed.
Ignoring official guidelines can put a company or farm at huge legal risk. In my earlier days, I met a grower who ended up facing big fines after storing pesticides in a drafty, unlocked barn near an orchard. He didn’t set out to break rules—he just underestimated the attention such chemicals demand. It’s not just about the law; it’s also about taking care of workers and anyone else who could get exposed unintentionally.
Small spills can result in exposure, and improper storage increases the chance of those accidents happening. That’s why gloves, protective eyewear, and respirators belong in every area where Niclosamide is used or stored. Regular checks for damaged containers and leaks allow issues to be caught before they get worse.
Getting rid of extra or expired Niclosamide challenges even the most careful managers. Pouring chemical waste down the drain lands people in big trouble, and the damage to water sources can last for years. Landfills can’t always contain the chemicals—they find their way into groundwater or soil, hurting wildlife and crops.
Over the years, I’ve seen that the best route involves partnering with certified hazardous waste disposal services. These professionals know how to neutralize and process leftover pesticide safely. Never reuse old containers for anything else—they hold residue that can contaminate other chemicals, or even food supplies.
Regulations aren’t perfect, and access to trained professionals—especially in rural areas—can fall short. Offering more education for handlers and workers would help. I’d like to see more community programs for collecting old pesticides, so individual users don’t shoulder the risk alone.
Some regions have started developing pesticide return days, which give farmers and pesticide applicators a safe place to bring in expired or unwanted chemicals. These sorts of solutions deserve wider adoption. Investing in alternative, less hazardous pest treatments could also reduce the demand for compounds with tricky disposal.
Store Niclosamide Anhydrous in sealed, labelled containers away from food and living areas. Limit access to trained, authorized staff. Make routine inspections a habit. For disposal, contact local environmental agencies or waste companies—not only do they keep linchpins like water and soil safe, but they save businesses from steep penalties or even worse consequences.
Small changes today spare bigger headaches tomorrow. Responsible storage and disposal cut risk for everyone: workers, families, and entire communities.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 5-chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide |
| Other names |
5-Chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide Bayer 73 Nicochloran Niclocide ATylosin |
| Pronunciation | /naɪˈkləʊ.sə.maɪd ænˈhaɪdrəs/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 50-65-7 |
| Beilstein Reference | 3412319 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:7666 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1415 |
| ChemSpider | 21168288 |
| DrugBank | DB06803 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03e4bfdd-f1d2-426b-a4ac-065f22272e96 |
| EC Number | 204-663-3 |
| Gmelin Reference | 54658 |
| KEGG | C07662 |
| MeSH | D009537 |
| PubChem CID | 4477 |
| RTECS number | QT3150000 |
| UNII | V120V1254P |
| UN number | 3076 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C13H8Cl2N2O4 |
| Molar mass | 327.13 g/mol |
| Appearance | Yellowish brown powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.64 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | Very slightly soluble in water |
| log P | 3.6 |
| Vapor pressure | 2.7 × 10⁻⁹ mmHg (25°C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | 7.98 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 14.24 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -80.0e-6 cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.720 |
| Dipole moment | 4.7126 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 347.96 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -547.2 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -3964 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | QH01AA11 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. Causes eye and skin irritation. Toxic to aquatic life. |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | GHS05, GHS07, GHS09 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H315, H319, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | Health: 2, Flammability: 1, Instability: 0, Special: |
| Flash point | > 220°C |
| Autoignition temperature | 600°C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 Oral Rat 5000 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (oral, rat): 1,000 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | WF8575000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit) for Niclosamide Anhydrous (Pesticide Grade): 15 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³ (respirable fraction) |
| REL (Recommended) | REL (Recommended): **Not established** |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Unknown |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Niclosamide Niclosamide ethanolamine salt Oxyclozanide |
