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Substance Name: 4-Nitroaniline
Chemical Formula: C6H6N2O2
CAS Number: 100-01-6
Common Uses: Dye manufacture, research applications, intermediates for pharmaceuticals and chemicals. 4-Nitroaniline’s bright yellow crystal has made its way into labs and manufacturing sites, reminding everyone to respect its properties and hazards.
Acute Toxicity: Toxic if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin. The risk of methemoglobinemia stands out — this compound can reduce the blood's ability to carry oxygen.
Skin and Eye Irritation: Causes irritation, with discomfort and possible burns.
Chronic Exposure: Long-term or repeated exposure stresses the liver, kidneys, and can have neurological effects.
Flammability: Dust may form explosive mixtures with air.
Color and Odor: Yellow solid, faint aromatic odor.
Chemical Name: 4-Nitroaniline
PURITY: Typically greater than 98%.
Impurities: Sometimes ortho- and meta-nitroaniline analogues appear in technical grade samples, but pure samples rarely show complex mixtures.
Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. Seek medical help if breathing grows difficult or if dizziness persists.
Skin Contact: Wash thoroughly with plenty of soap and water — 4-nitroaniline can soak in pretty quickly. Remove contaminated clothing.
Eye Contact: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Contact an eye specialist right away if burning or blurred vision persists.
Ingestion: Seek medical attention. Activated charcoal may be administered to limit absorption. Watch for signs of cyanosis — that blue tint signals trouble with oxygen transport, often linked with nitro compounds like this.
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Dry chemical, foam, water spray, or carbon dioxide work. Responders avoid straight streams of water since they might spread dust in a confined area.
Unusual Hazards: 4-Nitroaniline’s decomposition releases toxic gases such as nitrogen oxides and aniline vapors.
Protective Equipment: Firefighters need full protective gear and self-contained breathing apparatus — you don't want inhalation risk from any smoke with this compound.
Personal Precautions: Wear chemical splash goggles, gloves, and a laboratory coat or chemical suit. Ventilate enclosed spaces.
Environmental Precautions: Prevent spills from reaching drains or waterways.
Cleanup Methods: Sweep or scoop up, placing all material in a tightly sealed container. Wet the area to suppress dust, remembering that dry sweeping can stir up fine particles.
Handling: Work in a fume hood or well-ventilated area. Never eat, drink, or smoke while working with 4-nitroaniline. Wash hands after handling.
Storage: Store in a cool, dry place. Use containers that can be sealed tightly, keeping away from direct sunlight, ignition sources, oxidizers, acids, and bases. Segregate from food and incompatible chemicals.
Engineering Controls: Local exhaust ventilation reduces airborne dust. Fume hoods limit inhalation risks. Closed handling systems offer another layer of safety in higher-throughput environments.
Personal Protection: Nitrile or neoprene gloves resist permeation. Chemical-resistant goggles and protective clothing stand as minimum requirements. In places where airborne concentrations go beyond safe limits, a respirator rated for dust and organic vapors steps in.
Exposure Limit: No universal occupational exposure limit, but as with many nitro aromatics, labs set their own conservative thresholds. Guidelines from regulatory bodies should be referenced to keep levels below those that may cause methemoglobinemia or cytotoxicity.
Appearance: Yellow crystals or powder.
Odor: Slightly aromatic.
Melting Point: About 147°C.
Boiling Point: 332°C (with decomposition).
Solubility: Poor in water, better in alcohol and acetone.
Vapor Pressure: Low at room temperature.
Density: About 1.45 g/cm³.
Other Notable Properties: Sensitive to light, may darken on exposure.
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended conditions, but prolonged heat or light triggers slow decomposition and color changes.
Reactivity: Strong oxidizers, acids, and bases can drive vigorous reactions. Avoid mixing with reducing agents.
Decomposition: Yields toxic compounds such as aniline, nitrogen oxides, and other organics in fire or strong chemical reactions.
Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, skin, and eye contact.
Acute Symptoms: Headaches, nausea, dizziness, respiratory distress. Skin absorption can cause methemoglobinemia — hands and nails may start to look blue, which can rarely happen in a lab but remains a constant risk.
Long-term Risks: Chronic exposure may target organs like the liver and nervous system. Some animal studies link similar nitro compounds to carcinogenic activity, though 4-nitroaniline itself holds a lower risk based on current evidence.
LD50 (oral, rat): About 750 mg/kg, but figures differ based on sample purity and species.
Other Data: Individuals with G6PD deficiency may be more sensitive to hemolytic effects.
Aquatic Toxicity: Harmful to fish and invertebrates — even low levels affect aquatic life, and breaking down in water isn't fast.
Persistence and Degradability: Moderately persistent, can linger in soils and water for weeks. Sunlight breaks it down slowly.
Bioaccumulation: Low potential in aquatic organisms due to low lipid solubility, but risk in ecosystems increases with repeated releases or lack of effective cleanup.
Soil Mobility: Limited, but can move in environments with high water solubility solvents.
Waste Treatment Methods: Incineration in a chemical waste facility remains the best option. Avoid landfill disposal. Where possible, collect waste in marked, tightly sealed containers for regular chemical disposal pickups.
Contaminated Packaging: Rinse and segregate empty containers for hazardous waste disposal.
Shipping Name: 4-Nitroaniline, hazardous material.
Transport Hazards: Can ignite in case of fire, spews out toxic fumes. Must ship in strong, sealed containers with spill absorbent in case of accident.
Precautions: Label all shipments as toxic and environmentally hazardous, ensuring responsible handlers understand the risks. Follow national and international regulations for toxins in transit.
Regulation Status: Controlled under local hazardous substance statutes. Listed as a hazardous chemical in workplace safety regulations across Europe, North America, and parts of Asia.
Safety Data Requirements: Employers stay responsible for worker training, exposure monitoring, and emergency response plans. Waste and emission rules often push for closed-loop systems and annual reporting of chemical quantities.
Worker Rights: Safety information, exposure controls, and medical monitoring form a core part of worker protections in settings using 4-nitroaniline.
