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Chemical Name: 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane
Common Synonyms: CFC-113, Trichlorotrifluoroethane
Chemical Formula: C2Cl3F3
CAS Number: 76-13-1
Appearance: Often clear, colorless liquid with a distinct ether-like odor
Use Cases: Historically popular as a cleaning solvent for electronics, degreasing agent for metal parts, and as a refrigerant
Hazard Classifications: Eye and skin irritant, central nervous system depressant, potential liver and kidney hazard
Key Dangers: Inhalation can cause headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, and loss of coordination; exposure may depress the nervous system and, in severe cases, trigger arrhythmias
Environmental Risk: Ozone layer depletion; classified as an ozone-depleting substance under global treaties
Chronic Risks: Prolonged chemical exposure can lead to possible liver or kidney damage, as well as a higher risk of developing cancer with extended contact
Primary Component: 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (C2Cl3F3, purity often above 99%)
Impurities: Trace amounts of related chlorofluorocarbons, potential stabilizers from manufacturing processes
No Noted Additives: Manufacturers avoid unnecessary additives, since the chemical’s properties are highly specific and sensitive to purity
Mixture Status: Sold as a single constituent in most applications
Inhalation: Move the exposed individual to fresh air immediately—a blast of outdoor air can be the difference between fainting and staying conscious; persistent symptoms need a call to emergency services
Skin Contact: Quick washing with soap and water reduces irritation risk
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes gently but thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes; avoid rubbing, seek medical attention if discomfort remains
Ingestion: Seek medical attention; do not induce vomiting, since the chemical’s volatility can cause aspiration and lung injury
Flammability: Not highly flammable in normal atmospheric conditions but can release toxic gases if heated strongly
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Phosgene, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride can form if burning occurs
Recommended Extinguishers: Use carbon dioxide, foam, or dry chemical extinguishers—not water—because water might spread contamination
Protective Equipment: Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus to avoid inhalation of fumes during a spill fire
Evacuate the Area: Limit the number of people exposed
Containment: Use absorbent material, such as sand or earth, to prevent spreading, avoid drains or waterways
Ventilation: Air out the area vigorously until vapors dissipate
Personal Protection: Chemical-resistant gloves, goggles, and protective clothing keep responders safe
Cleanup: Place contaminated absorbent in sealed drums for disposal, with incineration as a preferred method to prevent evaporation and environmental migration
Workplace Ventilation: Keep storage and usage areas well ventilated to avoid vapor buildup
Safe Storage: Store away from heat, direct sunlight, high humidity, and incompatible chemicals like strong bases or reactive metals
Handling Practices: Avoid skin or eye contact by wearing basic PPE, always use containers designed for chemical storage
Storage Recommendations: Store in a cool, dry place, preferably in tightly sealed containers of corrosion-resistant material; signage and hazard warnings in storage areas ensure everyone knows the risk
Engineering Controls: Local exhaust ventilation and process enclosures make airborne concentrations easier to keep under control
Exposure Limits: OSHA exposure limit (TLV) commonly set at 1000 ppm for an 8-hour workday
Personal Protection: Workers often rely on safety glasses, chemical-resistant gloves, aprons, and, in poorly ventilated environments, air-purifying respirators
Hygiene: Washing hands and arms after handling the chemical helps prevent accidental ingestion or skin absorption, simple steps that make a real difference in personal safety
State: Liquid at room temperature
Odor: Mild, sweet, ether-like smell
Boiling Point: Approximately 47.6°C—relatively low compared to water
Vapor Pressure: High enough to cause evaporation and inhalation risk in open, warm environments
Density: Heavier than water—often seen pooling on the bottom in case of spills
Solubility: Low solubility in water, but high solubility in most organic solvents
Stability: Stable under most expected storage conditions, but decomposes with prolonged exposure to light or open flames
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommendations for use and storage
Reactive Conditions: Reacts with strong bases, alkali metals, and extreme heat
Hazardous Byproducts: Phosgene, hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen chloride can evolve during fire or high-heat exposure
Material Incompatibility: Avoid storage near oxidizing agents and strong reducing substances; these triggers can kick off hazardous decompositions
Acute Toxicity: High vapor levels depress the central nervous system and can trigger headaches, confusion, lethargy
Chronic Effects: Repeated exposure runs the risk of impacting liver and kidney health, and studies link regular inhalation to mild nerve damage over time
Carcinogenic Status: Research links some CFCs with increased cancer risk, though evidence varies by exposure and duration
Routes of Exposure: Main risks involve vapor inhalation and direct skin or eye contact—protective measures minimize these
Environmental Persistence: Does not break down naturally in the lower atmosphere, leading to ozone depleting effects
Aquatic Impact: A spill can cause long-term damage to aquatic organisms if allowed to enter waterways
Bioaccumulation: Not known to bioaccumulate, but remains in the environment for extended periods
Atmospheric Effects: Significant contributor to ozone layer thinning, which paves the way for stronger UV radiation reaching the surface; this ripple effect impacts everything from crop growth to skin cancer rates
Incineration: Controlled incineration with scrubbing of exhaust gas limits environmental impact best
Waste Handling: Collect in tightly sealed containers designed for hazardous waste
Sewer Disposal: Strict regulations usually prohibit pouring down drains or into sewers, since the water system can’t dilute or break down the compound
Regulated Disposal: Regulations in most states require involvement of certified hazardous waste contractors for all disposal activities
UN Number: Identified as a hazardous chemical for international shipping
Hazard Class: Class 2.2 (non-flammable, non-toxic gases/supporting materials) and sometimes Class 6.1 (toxic substances) under certain circumstances
Packing Group: Typically assigned according to hazard potential, not quantity
Labeling: Requires hazardous goods labeling, including clear signage for air, road, rail, or sea transport
Ozone-Depleting Substance Regulations: Subject to strict phaseouts worldwide as part of the Montreal Protocol; production and sale for most uses has been banned or heavily restricted
OSHA Compliance: Listed in OSHA’s hazardous workplace substances registry, which means mandatory training for anyone handling the chemical
Community Right-to-Know: Federal laws demand that users report storage and use levels to local emergency planners and fire departments
Import/Export Controls: Regulations bar international shipment except in highly controlled research or critical-use exemptions
