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Product Name: Thallium Oxide
SYNONYMS: Thallous oxide, Thallium(I) oxide, Dithallium oxide
CAS Number: 1314-32-5
UN Number: UN 3288
Molecular Formula: Tl2O
Molecular Weight: 456.76 g/mol
Supplier: Laboratory and industrial chemical supply companies
Uses: Used in glass manufacturing, chemical research, and specialized electronics.
Classification: Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation) Category 2; Reproductive toxicity Category 2; Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure) Category 2
Signal Word: Danger
Hazard Statements: Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled; Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child; May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
Precautionary Statements: Wear protective gloves, protective clothing, eye protection, face protection; Avoid breathing dust, avoid contact with skin and eyes; Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Potential Health Effects: Symptoms include headache, fatigue, tremors, confusion, and peripheral neuropathy. Chronic exposure impacts nervous system and kidneys, can cause reproductive harm.
Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, skin contact, ingestion
Chemical Name: Thallium Oxide
CAS Number: 1314-32-5
Purity: 99% or higher
Impurities: Typically less than 1%, includes metal oxides
Hazardous Components: Thallium compounds (all thallium salts and oxides considered highly toxic)
Inhalation: Move person to fresh air promptly, monitor for breathing difficulty, provide oxygen if necessary, seek immediate medical attention.
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing, rinse skin with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, do not attempt neutralization, call for urgent medical help.
Eye Contact: Flush thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes while keeping eyelids apart. Avoid rubbing, ensure medical review occurs.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting, rinse mouth with water if conscious, provide water to dilute, seek emergency medical evaluation rapidly as ingestion can be fatal.
Important Symptom Management: Monitor for neurological and gastrointestinal signs, support vital functions, activated charcoal may help in early ingestion if advised by a physician.
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Dry chemical, CO2, foam, water spray only if necessary to prevent dust spread.
Unsuitable Media: Avoid high-pressure water jets, can disperse dust and cause contamination.
Specific Hazards: Thallium oxide emits highly toxic fumes of thallium and thallium oxides when heated or exposed to flames.
Protective Equipment: Full protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus for all fire response personnel.
Firefighting Instructions: Avoid runoff; any fire water must be contained for disposal due to thallium contamination. Evacuate area and avoid inhalation of fumes; keep it upwind of fire site.
Personal Precautions: Use full-face respirator and chemical-resistant suit, restrict access to affected area.
Environmental Precautions: Prevent runoff to sewers, surface water, or ground water; thallium compounds cause significant aquatic toxicity.
Spill Cleanup: Avoid dust formation, carefully collect material into sealable containers using non-sparking tools, decontaminate surfaces with damp cloths, dispose of all cleanup materials as hazardous waste.
Reporting: Notify local environmental authorities if release may impact the environment, keep records for regulatory compliance.
Handling: Handle in a chemical fume hood with effective ventilation, use dedicated equipment to prevent cross-contamination of other materials, avoid generating dust. Always wear triple-layer PPE including gloves, goggles, and protective clothing. Absolutely no eating, drinking, or smoking in areas where thallium oxide may be present.
Storage: Keep in a tightly sealed, clearly labeled container made from compatible materials (glass, certain plastics). Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place, segregated from acids, organics, and foodstuffs. Control access to storage to authorized personnel only, periodically check for signs of damage and corrosion on containers.
Engineering Controls: Employ local exhaust ventilation; laboratory hoods are essential, and minimize airborne dust.
Occupational Exposure Limits: OSHA PEL for thallium: 0.1 mg/m³ (skin); ACGIH TLV: 0.1 mg/m³ (skin); comply strictly with these limits.
Respiratory Protection: Wear approved respirator (P100 or comparable) if dust or airborne particles are anticipated.
Hand Protection: Double-glove with nitrile or neoprene, ensure no skin exposure.
Eye Protection: Chemical splash goggles plus full-face shield.
Other: Wear laboratory coat or protective suit, closed shoes, train all individuals handling thallium compounds in spill reaction and decontamination procedures.
Appearance: Pale yellow, odorless, crystalline solid
Odor: None
pH: Not applicable (insoluble in water)
Melting Point: 453°C
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Density: 8.9 g/cm³
Solubility: Insoluble in water; dissolves in acids
Vapor Pressure: Negligible
Other Properties: Noncombustible, stable under standard conditions, breaks down to form thallium metal in reducing environments
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage and handling conditions
Reactivity: Reacts violently with strong acids or oxidizers; exposure to heat and moisture can amplify risks
Hazardous Decomposition: Emits toxic fumes of thallium and thallium oxides with substantial heating
Incompatible Materials: Strong acids, strong bases, reducing agents
Conditions to Avoid: Moisture, high temperatures, physical shocks, incompatible materials
Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, skin and eye contact
Acute Toxicity: LD50 (oral, rat): 32 mg/kg
Chronic Toxicity: Accumulates in organs; neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, renal damage documented in animal studies and accidental human exposures
Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, headache, convulsions, vision disturbances, peripheral neuropathy, alopecia, tremors
Carcinogenicity: Not classified as carcinogen; profound toxic effects at much lower doses than required for carcinogenicity risk studies
Other Effects: Delayed neurological symptoms can occur weeks after exposure, no known safe exposure threshold
Aquatic Toxicity: Thallium oxide severely disrupts aquatic ecosystems, highly toxic to fish and invertebrates, LC50 values for aquatic species below 1 mg/L
Persistence/Degradability: Thallium does not degrade and persists in soils and water
Bioaccumulation: Readily accumulates in aquatic organisms and birds, toxic up food chains with severe impacts reported on wildlife
Mobility: Can leach through soil and contaminate groundwater.
Environmental Impact: Strict controls needed at all steps—minimize releases, comply with local reporting requirements, and track possible contamination of nearby environments.
Waste Treatment Methods: Collect and store waste in tightly sealed, distinctly labeled containers; solids and contaminated objects treated as hazardous waste
Treatment: Do not dispose into drains or municipal waste streams. Incineration should occur at licensed facilities capable of handling heavy metals
Regulatory Compliance: Abide by local, national, and international hazardous waste regulations (such as RCRA or analogous laws)
Packaging: Use strong, leak-proof packaging with proper labeling for hazardous materials, track waste shipments from cradle to grave to ensure accountability and security.
UN Number: UN 3288
Proper Shipping Name: Toxic solid, inorganic, n.o.s. (contains thallium oxide)
Transport Class: 6.1 (Toxic substances)
Packing Group: II
Marine Pollutant: Yes
Label Required: Toxic
Transport Precautions: Ensure packages are upright, secure, never transported with food or animal feed, staff must receive hazardous materials handling certification, emergency procedures carried onboard; accidental release protocols and PPE ready at all transit stages.
Global Inventory Status: Listed on TSCA (US), EINECS (EU), DSL (Canada), and other global inventories
Regulation: Thallium oxide classified under multiple hazardous substances frameworks; strict exposure limits under OSHA, ACGIH, NIOSH, and EU REACH. Permissible workplace and environmental exposures are extremely low.
Reporting: Facilities handling over threshold quantities required to report to EPA (US) or appropriate authorities worldwide.
Worker Protection: Comprehensive risk assessments, safety documentation, and regular medical surveillance required by law.
Restrictions: Many countries regulate purchases, uses, and transportation due to historical misuse and acute toxicity.
