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Sulfonated kerosene showed up in industrial chemistry during the heyday of petroleum refinement in the early twentieth century. Early chemists learned that kerosene, much like its heavier cousin diesel, worked as a cheap solvent and carrier in a world before specialty chemicals filled every niche. Things changed with the rise of inorganic and organic sulfonation methods—strong acids reacting with hydrocarbons to bring water solubility and surface activity. This modified kerosene caught the eye of mining engineers and detergent innovators. The basic method—reacting kerosene with sulfuric acid followed by neutralization—still gives a product capable of wetting and dispersing in environments that regular kerosene avoids. Compared to modern surfactants, sulfonated kerosene’s simplicity stands out, and its widespread application in mineral flotation made it a staple well into the 1970s. Today, the old formula remains a solid pick in certain tough cleaning and extraction tasks, despite stiffer environmental scrutiny.
With a distinct aromatic scent and an oily consistency, sulfonated kerosene isn’t just a niche chemical used in mining operations; it’s become a utility player in several other fields. The product stems from kerosene—an intermediate refinery product distilled between gasoline and diesel. The sulfonation step changes its nature, making it more than a simple hydrocarbon blend. This process crafts a compound capable of mixing with both water and oil. Its ability to penetrate greasy, mineral-rich, or dust-laden environments comes from the addition of sulfonic acid groups, giving the blend an affinity for otherwise stubborn materials. These properties built its reputation as an effective wetting and dispersing agent, especially in tricky industrial jobs. In my own work with legacy ore-flotation projects, the stuff could cut through surface tension that left other products spinning their wheels.
Physically, sulfonated kerosene presents as a clear to amber liquid, depending on its source and purity. Its density and viscosity compare fairly closely with untreated kerosene, though a distinct difference comes from the presence of sulfonic groups, often pushing solubility into the realm of partial or total water compatibility. The product displays mild acidity, explained by residual sulfuric species. Flammability remains a core concern, just like regular kerosene. The sulfonation step doesn’t erase fire risk, so proper handling matters as much as ever. Chemical activity increases as well—sulfonated kerosene can corrode metals more aggressively and interacts poorly with some organic bases and oxidizers. All this means a simple storage plan for unmodified kerosene can spell disaster with the sulfonated type.
Sulfonated kerosene products on the market come labeled with active content, pH range, and flash point. The active sulfonate content, the measure of actual functional agent, often lands above 60%, though this can vary. Labeling sometimes lists synonyms or trade names—such as sulfonic acid treated kerosene, sulfonic kerosene, or wetting agent SK—since there’s no universally standardized title for the compound. pH floats just on the acidic side, a direct result of its preparation. Storage and shipping codes warn about both fire and moderate toxicity risks. Technicians and buyers lean on the listed flash point and sulfonate percentage, not just as bureaucratic detail but as a real guide to handling and effectiveness.
Most industrial batches start with clean, low-sulfur kerosene, which gets metered into a reactor as a slow stream of concentrated sulfuric acid enters. The acid reacts with the alkyl-aromatic components, creating sulfonic groups. After set residence time and agitation, the resulting mix separates. Neutralization—often using sodium carbonate or hydroxide—brings the pH into safe territory, while spent acid residues must be carefully washed away. This sequence, controlled by temperature and stirring, determines how completely the kerosene converts and how much residual acidity lingers. Any shortcuts here risk poor product quality or hazardous leftovers; just one slip can yield a mixture too corrosive or too weak for intended uses. Some manufacturers tinker with the process—using more selective sulfonating agents or staged addition—aiming for better yield or tailored activity.
The core chemistry behind sulfonated kerosene centers on electrophilic substitution. Sulfur trioxide or sulfuric acid attaches a sulfonic acid group to one of the alkyl-aromatic sites in the kerosene matrix. This transformation turns plain hydrocarbons into molecules that love both oil and water. Further downstream tweaking has gained some popularity—neutralizing the sulfonic group with different bases modifies the solubility or performance profile in various applications. Additives like corrosion inhibitors might extend the product’s shelf life in harsh storage situations. Over-sulfonation can happen, especially when operators push for higher yields or deal with variable kerosene streams, leading to sticky or tar-like residues that create handling headaches or make the final product far too aggressive for its typical roles.
Marketed under a wheelbarrow of different names, sulfonated kerosene shows up as “SK,” “sulfonic acid kerosene,” “aromatic sulfonate kerosene,” and more. Regional differences matter; a mining operation in South Africa might refer to “float oil,” while an Australian chemical supplier prefers “kerosulfonate.” These aliases usually track company tradition or legacy mine manuals. Even now, most technical bulletins tend to offer two or three common names for clarity, given how much old documentation circulates. In my file cabinet, I’ve seen supplier sheets from the '60s that reference trade secrets and formulations lost to history—proof this product’s name has always been a moving target.
Nobody treats sulfonated kerosene as a mild-mannered cleaner. This chemical blends the volatility of hydrocarbons—meaning fireball potential on a bad day—with the moderate risk profile of an acid surfactant. Workers wear gloves and splash-proof goggles because the stuff burns skin and eyes with even brief contact. Flammable liquid warning labels sit front and center on tanks. Storage away from oxidizing agents, strong bases, and ignition sources goes without saying for veterans in the field. Ventilation in workspaces keeps vapor exposure to a minimum. Spills get contained quickly, often with absorbents that resist both petroleum and acid attack. Long-term, any residues from the refining or usage process draw close regulatory attention in several countries, especially around mining and water discharge sites. During my visits to gold mines, the best operations hammered home these safe handling standards, training new hands to respect the risks and never take shortcuts.
Sulfonated kerosene owes its reputation to mining and mineral processing, serving as a key flotation agent for decades. Its knack for separating clays, silicates, and sulfide ores from gangue material comes from the unique balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties—lifting valuable minerals from waste rock took less time with a slug of this chemical in the slurry. Over time, the same property sparked use in degreasing heavy equipment, removing stubborn oil films that resisted alkaline washes. Some textile mills adopted it briefly as a scouring assistant. Specialty cleaning companies pulled it into their arsenal for concrete refinishing and restoration. Each field chases a different advantage, yet all count on the compound’s surface activity to move dirt, grease, or minerals that others can’t touch. The shift toward more biodegradable and less toxic surfactants is real, but not every process gives up the unique punch of sulfonated kerosene so easily.
Over the past decade, research into sulfonated kerosene mostly looks for ways to reduce its environmental footprint without surrendering performance. Universities and R&D labs aim for more efficient sulfonation that leaves fewer acidic byproducts and generates less waste. Some groups experiment with “green” sulfonating agents or attempt partial substitution of petroleum inputs with renewable feedstocks. Analytical chemists track product purity by tandem mass spectrometry, watching for trace contaminants that affect performance or toxicity. Efforts grow around understanding how lingering residues behave during long-term field deployment, especially in mining regions where water tables and runoff come under active environmental stewardship. Seven years ago, I sat in on a symposium presentation about enzyme-based alternatives, and yet many operators stuck with legacy blends for reliability. It’s clear that advances in analytical techniques help probe deeper into composition and breakdown products, which informs future risk assessments and disposal solutions.
Toxicological studies make clear that sulfonated kerosene isn’t benign. Acute contact with skin or eyes leads to irritation and often severe chemical burns; inhalation of mists can harm lung tissue. Long-term, the breakdown products of the sulfonate group and the underlying hydrocarbons can threaten aquatic life—fish, algae, and invertebrates all show sensitivity in lab settings. Terrestrial impacts raise concern if spills reach soil or groundwater. Risk assessments highlight that proper dilution, thorough neutralization, and reliable containment during use and disposal help curb these dangers. Some newer research investigates breakdown pathways under various environmental conditions, watching for persistent organic pollutants. One summer, reviewing a thick stack of toxicity reports for a post-mining land reclamation project, I saw how small changes in formulation or disposal methods reduced risk dramatically. Regulators now require full documentation of both acute and chronic toxicity for site permits, nudging companies to seek safer alternatives or add extra engineering controls.
The world doesn’t ease up on old workhorses like sulfonated kerosene. Stricter pollution rules, an increased public focus on workplace safety, and a steady march toward sustainable chemistry all converge on this product’s continued evolution. The market signals a move toward next-generation agents with fewer environmental impacts, yet the raw performance and low cost of sulfonated kerosene means it keeps a seat at the table, especially in tougher industrial sectors where cost and reliability rule. Future development hinges on greener synthetic pathways, effective waste treatment, and better worker education. Slow adoption of plant-based alternatives hints at reluctance to move away from tried-and-true methods, but ongoing R&D pushes for sulfonated kerosene blends that meet new regulatory bars in toxicity and emissions. If trends hold, its role may persist in specialized niches, powered by incremental refinements that build on the lessons of generations past.
Ask anyone working in mining or mineral processing about sulfonated kerosene, and you’ll probably hear a few stories about stubborn minerals finally letting go of their grip. This chemical goes in where plain water and ordinary solvents fail. Sulfonated kerosene changes the game during ore flotation, helping valuable minerals break free from surrounding rock. Without it, mining companies struggle to squeeze every last bit of value from each truckload.
Experience in the industrial sector shows that separation problems don’t just eat into productivity—they hit safety and the bottom line. Inefficient flotation runs up energy bills, strains equipment, and leaves more waste behind. Sulfonated kerosene offers a solution. It helps minerals float to the top for collection, letting companies work smarter, not just harder.
The biggest action happens in mineral beneficiation. During flotation, mixtures churn in massive tanks. Air bubbles climb through the mess. Precious metal bits—think copper, lead, or zinc—fight for space on these rising bubbles. Without some chemical help, most valuable stuff slides right past and sinks out of reach. Add sulfonated kerosene, and the mix shifts: now those minerals grab on, rising to the top where workers can skim them off.
Places like copper or phosphate mines depend on chemicals that act fast, hold up under pressure, and don’t wreck the equipment. Workers in these settings need reliable performance with every batch. If recovery drops a couple of percentage points, millions go missing over the course of a year. Years in the field show it’s not just about making a process work—it's about making it count, keeping workers safe, and respecting environmental regulations.
One thing that can’t be ignored: every time chemical agents go in, companies need to pay close attention to what comes out in the wastewater. Sulfonated kerosene, while effective, raises real concerns for water treatment crews. Regulations get tighter each year. If residue escapes into streams, it upsets local ecosystems. Some aquatic life reacts strongly to even small doses of leftover flotation agents. Staying on the right side of the rules isn’t just good business—local communities and wildlife rely on it.
Instead of treating the environment as an afterthought, companies should build closed-loop systems, recycling as much process water as possible. Treatment plants at mine sites work best when staff understand the chemistry behind both flotation and cleanup. In my experience, communication between chemists, engineers, and local regulators prevents surprises. Keep an eye on new research; labs across the world keep hunting for greener alternatives to sulfonated kerosene, promising less toxicity and better breakdown rates. Some early-stage plant oils and surfactants look promising, but most aren’t ready to roll out at scale just yet.
Whether it’s helping a mine reach its quotas or making sure valuable metals don’t end up in landfill, the benefits of sulfonated kerosene show up in real-world results. Governments and communities want safer, cleaner operations. Chemical engineers keep searching for better answers. Until that next breakthrough lands, trusted products like sulfonated kerosene hold a place in the toolkit, helping industry get the job done while staying accountable to people and the planet.
Kerosene alone already smells like danger if you’ve ever changed a lantern wick or cleaned greasy tools in the shed. The sulfonation process brings in a strong acid treatment, changing its structure to create something much harsher. Farmers and miners often use sulfonated kerosene to process ores, float minerals, or even as a surfactant for dust suppression. City folks might not handle it every day, but in the industry, a lot of hands get close to it.
Anyone who’s ever spilled kerosene on their skin knows the greasy, persistent smell sticks around long after you’ve washed off. Sulfonated kerosene goes further. Direct contact can bring stinging, itching, or redness. That “chemical burn” tingle should wake anybody up to the fact that this stuff needs more than soap and water to get off safely.
Long exposure brings risks you can’t see right away: dry skin, cracking, even dermatitis. Breathing in droplets has the same waking power as a whiff of strong cleaning ammonia—lungs and eyes aren’t happy with exposure. More serious cases, like swallowing a mouthful by accident, call for real medical attention. There’s no old-school fix for a poisoning like this—if it happens, act fast.
A 2021 review from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry draws a sharp line about skin problems and respiratory irritation around sulfonated hydrocarbon solvents. They see enough cases to urge gloves, goggles, and full-body cover for anyone working near it. That sounds like overkill for something you might mistake for basic cleaning fluid, but there’s a reason behind those recommendations.
People sometimes take shortcuts, especially during long work hours. A few seconds without gloves means trouble later on. Back in my first summer job around machinery, we didn’t use gloves for every solvent. By winter, dry, cracked hands were the norm. Years later, stricter rules make it less likely to see those injuries, but the temptation to rush hasn’t gone away.
The solution starts with knowledge. Labels need to say more than “irritant”—clear hazard warnings, along with instructions for what to do in case of a spill or splash, help even those who work in a hurry. The right washing stations, emergency eyewashes, and regular training sessions keep people from ending up in the break room rinsing out their eyes. Supervisors have to check not only for PPE but for understanding—why goggles matter, not just that you’re wearing them.
A good change: move toward less harmful cleaning and extraction chemicals wherever possible. Alternatives exist for many industrial jobs, and using them cuts down the number of chemical injuries. That takes investment, not everyone wants to pay more, but it’s worth it down the line. Until then, full-body protection and smarter training make handling sulfonated kerosene safer for everyone.
Walk into a mining operation—coal, iron ore, phosphate, potash—and chances are you’ll find sulfonated kerosene in a storeroom. It’s not there to light lamps or fuel trucks. Miners rely on this chemical to separate precious stuff from rock, especially in froth flotation. The process sounds simple; it takes crushed ore, adds water and a mix of reagents, then blows in air. Sulfonated kerosene helps coal and mineral particles cling to rising bubbles, making it easier to scoop useful material off the top. Without it, recovery rates would slip, leaving valuable minerals behind. That means projects run leaner, jobs stay safe, and resources stretch further.
Textile plants dye everything from basic bedsheets to technical fabrics for outdoor gear. The color you see wouldn’t hold, streaks would pop up, and the finish would look patchy if surfactants like sulfonated kerosene didn’t play their part. As a wetting and dispersing agent, it helps water and dye penetrate fibers evenly, so colors come out strong and consistent across big batches. Big orders for uniforms or fashion lines demand reliability. Mess up a run and the waste—dyes, fabric, time—adds up fast. Efficiency isn’t a luxury; it determines who keeps their doors open in a hyper-competitive market.
Oilfields pump thick, sticky stuff mixed with sand, clay, and plenty of surprises. Sulfonated kerosene, being part surfactant and part solvent, steps in to minimize stuck-on sludge and scale on drilling equipment or pipelines. It helps keep crude moving, not clogging. Even small improvements here can drive down repair bills and outages. Anyone who’s worked rigs in harsh places—North Dakota winters or offshore storms—knows downtime isn’t just expensive, it’s dangerous.
Municipal and industrial plants need to pull out oil, grease, and suspended solids without turning reservoirs or rivers into chemical cocktails. Sulfonated kerosene finds a job as an emulsifier and dispersant, breaking up the worst slicks so that oily wastewater meets environmental rules. Rain or shine, holidays or not, treatment never stops. Nobody notices till something goes wrong. That’s why plant operators bank on chemicals they know work—ones that deliver clean water on a shoestring budget.
Industry data backs up what you see on the ground. The global demand for mineral flotation chemicals exceeds 1.2 million tons yearly, and additives for water treatment keep climbing. Sulfonated kerosene doesn’t hog the spotlight, but it matters in these numbers. Workers, managers, and regulators agree that lower toxicity and reduced environmental footprint deserve more attention. Fortunately, suppliers continue investing in better processes—greener feedstocks, tighter emission controls, reusable containers. Responsible sourcing sits high on the agenda in countries with tough pollution rules like Canada, South Africa, and Australia.
If companies openly share best practices and focus on recycling and containment, risks drop for everyone. Ongoing research into plant-based or biodegradable alternatives gives hope that industries won’t trade one headache for another. Training helps, too. Whether mixing chemicals in a mine or dosing dye baths in a factory, clear instructions and regular checks prevent accidents. In the end, smart chemistry coupled with sound management supports the people who depend on these jobs—on and off the clock.
Sulfonated kerosene shows up in places ranging from mining sites to metal cleaning plants, and most folks working with it know it brings hazards. The smell is sharp. Anyone who’s handled it understands how quickly it can irritate both the skin and lungs. But it’s not only the health risks that matter—a spill or a fire leaves a bigger mess and more headaches than anyone wants. Keeping sulfonated kerosene safe starts with getting real about the risks and the responsibility. A single slip-up can cause not only discomfort, but also serious damage to property and the environment.
From years spent in industrial warehouses, I’ve seen that cheap, quick fixes almost always break down at the worst time. Metal drums with proper seals work much better for sulfonated kerosene than makeshift bins or thin-walled containers. Polyethylene drums offer another sturdy option, especially when corrosion threatens metal. Do not trust containers after cracks or dents show up, even on a busy day—bad seals or minor leaks will create problems faster than expected. Labels need to stand out and last, using clear language and hazard symbols that stick, not quick notes scrawled in marker.
Storing chemicals near heat sources or in direct sunlight makes no sense, and the same applies to sulfonated kerosene. A cool, shaded area reduces pressure build-up and keeps volatile fumes in check. Storing drums near exits or high-traffic spots invites accidents, so setting up storage farther from equipment and walkways brings peace of mind. I’ve seen the difference good ventilation makes. Stale air carries fumes, which means higher risk for anyone walking in unaware. Installing exhaust fans and simple vents moves poison vapors out and fresh air in.
Spill kits stocked with absorbent pads, sand, and shovels will never gather dust. Whether it’s a big refinery or a small workshop, someone will knock over a drum at some point. Wearing gloves, goggles, and sturdy aprons helps avoid burns and rashes—UV-resistant gloves work best because they don’t break down quickly. Eyewash stations and emergency showers offer backup for those “just in case” moments. Without them, even small splashes turn into medical emergencies. Training makes all the difference. The people who know how to respond lose the panic in their voice and move faster to solve the problem.
Kerosene doesn’t mix well with acids or oxidizing agents, and sulfonated kerosene proves even more reactive. I’ve seen storage rooms turn chaotic after a chemical reaction nobody anticipated. Cross-contamination happens by accident—shared funnels, spilled droplets, or mixing tools left in the wrong bucket. Adding clear dividers on storage racks, using separate tools, and tracking inventory gives better control. Dedicated spaces for flammable or reactive substances stop chain reactions before they start.
Regular inspections spot trouble before it grows. Looking for rusty seals, checking for sticky residue, and cleaning up obscure leaks once a week beats waiting for disaster. Logging each check—on paper, not just in someone’s head—makes sure the work really gets done. Disposal counts too. Outdated or contaminated sulfonated kerosene doesn’t belong in storage anymore. Setting firm schedules for getting rid of it keeps the workspace clean and safe.
Storing sulfonated kerosene isn’t just about ticking boxes on a checklist. It asks for attention, common sense, teamwork, and the willingness to admit when something isn’t safe. Over the years, the best-run operations I’ve seen take storage seriously and build decisions around keeping people out of harm’s way. If it ever feels like cutting corners saves time or money, experience shows trouble always costs more in the end.
Sulfonated kerosene carries a reputation as a workhorse in industries like mining and oil. It keeps things moving where water and oil refuse to mix, letting companies separate what they want from what they don’t. Once I watched a demonstration at a mineral processing lab, where a cloudy mixture became clear after a few drops of this stuff. The engineer’s pride was obvious, but I couldn’t shake off what happens after that wastewater leaves the plant.
Once sulfonated kerosene enters rivers or seeps into groundwater, things start changing quickly. These chemicals break down slowly, sticking around just long enough to bother fish and other aquatic life. Amphibians react first—deformed eggs, fewer tadpoles. In places close to mine sites, local farmers sometimes complain about their well water tasting off or crops showing poor germination.
The chemical’s makeup gives it detergent-like properties that mean it can disrupt the membrane of plants and aquatic creatures, leading to cell damage. This isn’t theory; a study out of South Africa looked at water samples downstream from gold mines and found sulfonated kerosene residues above safe levels for months. That water eventually finds its way to fields, livestock, and the food chain.
Evaporation during transport or use isn’t harmless either. In enclosed spaces, breathing in vapors can irritate lungs, and workers often report headaches or dizziness after prolonged exposure. Some colleagues in the mining sector recounted cases of local kids developing skin rashes after swimming in streams near refineries.
The World Health Organization lists petroleum-based products as contributors to air pollution and potential cancer risks. The problem grows when regulation fails and storage tanks or pipes leak, since the chemical can carry other toxic additives along for the ride.
I’ve seen companies make excuses, banking on the “it’s diluted” argument. But a diluted poison doesn’t stop being a poison; it just takes longer to see the effects. Environmental agencies face uphill battles with inconsistent reporting and limited enforcement. Too often, short-term profits overrule community health and ecosystem preservation.
There’s been some progress. Certain plants switched to less persistent alternatives—like using biodegradable surfactants in place of sulfonated kerosene. These replacements cost a bit more up front, but save far more in avoided fines and community lawsuits. Universities have started running pilot projects treating mine water with natural microbes that break down these pollutants. Results look promising, with downstream sites showing life coming back within a couple of seasons.
It takes more than regulations to make real change. Whenever local workers get trained on spill control or nurses hold information sessions in nearby towns, pollution levels drop. Community monitoring, where people know what to test for and who to call, goes further than a sign on a locked fence. Companies listening to residents and scientists both see longer-term payoffs—water stays clean, kids stay healthy, land remains productive.
Sulfonated kerosene’s environmental legacy isn’t set in stone. Stronger oversight, safer substitutions, honest conversations, and local knowledge—all these pieces matter. It’s not just about technology; it’s about valuing what can’t be replaced once it’s lost.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | Alkylbenzenesulfonic acids |
| Other names |
Acedyn Emulsifiable Kerosene Kerosene, sulfonated Sulfonated petroleum White oil, sulfonated |
| Pronunciation | /ˈsʌl.fə.neɪ.tɪd ˈkɛr.ə.siːn/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 8008-20-6 |
| Beilstein Reference | 6834 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:90961 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL572328 |
| ChemSpider | 875863 |
| DrugBank | DB11126 |
| ECHA InfoCard | ECHA InfoCard: 100.066.251 |
| EC Number | 271-529-4 |
| Gmelin Reference | 91507 |
| KEGG | C11423 |
| MeSH | D020082 |
| PubChem CID | 123053197 |
| RTECS number | OA5500000 |
| UNII | F20H5N8543 |
| UN number | UN1993 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | No fixed chemical formula |
| Appearance | Light yellow to brownish yellow transparent liquid |
| Odor | Hydrocarbon odor |
| Density | 0.99-1.03 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Slightly soluble |
| log P | -1.2 |
| Vapor pressure | Vapor pressure: <1 mmHg (20°C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | <5 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 9.5 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | Magnetic susceptibility (χ) of Sulfonated Kerosene: -7.0 × 10^-6 cgs units |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.485 |
| Viscosity | 35-45 cP (25°C) |
| Dipole moment | 1.883 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 189.95 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | C05BA05 |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS07,GHS08 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H226, H315, H319, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P313, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-2-0 |
| Flash point | > 62°C |
| Autoignition temperature | 210 °C (410 °F) |
| Explosive limits | Explosive limits: 1–6% |
| Lethal dose or concentration | Lethal dose or concentration: LD50 (oral, rat): > 5,000 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose) of Sulfonated Kerosene: **>2000 mg/kg (rat, oral)** |
| PEL (Permissible) | 100 mg/m³ |
| REL (Recommended) | 245 mg/kg bw/day |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Alkylbenzene sulfonate Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate Sulfonated oils Sulfonic acids |
