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Sitafloxacin Monohydrate tells a story of persistent research in the world of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Over three decades ago, scientists spotted emerging bacterial resistance as a growing threat in both hospital and community settings. Early generations of quinolones like ciprofloxacin worked well for many infections, but resistance chipped away at their reliability. Through rounds of chemical tweaks and smarter screening, researchers in Japan eventually pulled Sitafloxacin out of a crowded pipeline. Approved first in the late 2000s, Sitafloxacin built on lessons from its predecessors, embracing new chemical structures to overcome bacterial defense mechanisms. Compared to older cousins, Sitafloxacin improved action against strains producing troublesome extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and delivered solid results in both respiratory and urinary tract infections. That origin matters, because each medical advance often depends on learning from failures and trial-and-error in the lab.
Sitafloxacin Monohydrate holds a place among potent, broad-spectrum oral antibiotics. The compound finds itself packed in film-coated tablets or sometimes as a sterile powder for mixing, depending on the care setting. Suitable dosing and route of administration come from a deep knowledge of how the active ingredient behaves once swallowed or injected. The compound fights a host of bacteria, reaching targets that often frustrate clinicians — including stubborn Staphylococcus aureus and strains behind complicated kidney or lung infections. Doctors appreciate its oral absorption, sparing some patients grueling hospital stays. Patients value quick symptom relief from tough infections and a lower risk of serious side effects compared to a few older drugs in the class.
Sitafloxacin Monohydrate comes as a pale yellow-to-white crystalline powder. Its chemical map shows a dense quinolone core, bearing fluorine atoms and piperazine rings that help the molecule slip past bacterial pumps. The monohydrate form means a single water molecule sits within the crystal lattice, impacting how the powder dissolves and how long it remains stable on storage shelves. The molecular formula stands at C19H18F2N4O3·H2O, with a mass of about 410 grams per mole. Sitting on the shelf, the powder does not give off much odor and resists decomposition under standard light and air conditions. Formulators pay close attention to water content and melting point, as both drive manufacturing decisions about blending, tableting, and shelf-life labeling.
Pharmaceutical-grade Sitafloxacin Monohydrate must clear tight standards. Potency by weight, measured in validated labs, leaves little room for drift — usually falling between 98% and 102% of label claim. Foreign particles receive no tolerance. Reputable makers publish details not just of purity, but also identity confirmation using techniques like infrared spectroscopy, HPLC fingerprinting, and mass spectrometry. Water content and particle size distributions go into published specifications, spelling out storage conditions. Packages arrive labeled with batch numbers that trace back each step of manufacturing. Instructions warn about storage under 25°C and keeping bottles closed against air or light. Serious drugmakers understand why full transparency in a product’s chemical fingerprint matters to pharmacists and regulators alike.
Synthesizing Sitafloxacin Monohydrate could fill a day-long seminar, but several steps stick out. Chemists begin with a fluorinated quinoline template formed by multi-step condensation and cyclization reactions. Using halogenated intermediates, chemists introduce difluoro substitutions for power against Gram-negative pathogens. Piperazine rings drop into place through nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Freshly isolated Sitafloxacin comes as an anhydrous solid, but a gentle hydration step — exposing the raw material to water vapor under controlled temperature — locks a single water molecule inside the crystal matrix. The process closes by milling and sieving the product to achieve consistent particle sizes, and purifier columns catch trace solvents or tangled byproducts that could undercut both safety and effectiveness in the finished drug.
The chemical backbone of Sitafloxacin shows a readiness for both synthetic manipulation and metabolic transformation. Classic nucleophilic substitutions, used during initial synthesis, switch out side chains to tune spectrum and pharmacokinetics. On the metabolic side, human enzymes in the liver tend to break down Sitafloxacin via oxidative pathways, creating mostly inactive metabolites. Some researchers have explored further tweaks, like N-alkylation or halogen scrambling, which may improve activity against even more resistant bacteria. Yet, every modification comes with trade-offs — boosting antimicrobial punch can also stir up toxicity or reduce the drug’s half-life. In my experience, real-world chemistry walks a careful line between structure-driven benefits and biological surprises. Laboratory success does not guarantee clinical victory.
Sitafloxacin Monohydrate can show up in the literature under a string of aliases. Common names include “DU-6859a” during early Japanese trials, while global regulators often list it as “Sitafloxacin hemihydrate” or simply “Sitafloxacin.” In some countries, patients receive this antibiotic under the brand name “Gracevit.” Product labels always pair the active ingredient with the precise hydrate state, since the water molecule changes molecular weight and dosing. Drug databases flag the molecule under several registry codes, including CAS numbers.
Sitafloxacin demands respect both in production and at the bedside. Factory operators suit up in gloves, goggles, and dust masks to guard against inhalation during milling or weighing. In hospital settings, clinicians screen for patient allergies and adjust dosing for people with kidney issues, since the drug clears mostly through the urine. Safety sheets spell out hazards for the environment, prompting proper disposal rather than flushing unused tablets. Over years of use, most side effects look familiar for the class: mild gut upset, skin rashes, and on rare occasions, tendon problems or nerve symptoms that prompt discontinuation. Knowing these risks up front helps pharmacists counsel caution and avoid overuse, part of preserving the power of antibiotics for future generations. If we cut corners on safety — in manufacturing or patient care — resistance and preventable harms creep back into the picture.
Sitafloxacin’s sweet spot covers complicated infections where first-line drugs stumble. Physicians often reach for it during stubborn respiratory infections — like those from resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae. Urinary tract infections, especially in recurring or hospital-acquired cases, offer another target. In my clinic days, we sometimes relied on Sitafloxacin after culture results flagged bacteria able to dodge older quinolones or cephalosporins. Trials from Asia show solid outcomes in pneumonia, prostatitis, and even some cases of intractable sinus infections. A word of caution: like all potent antibiotics, its best use reserves Sitafloxacin for cases guided by susceptibility tests, not broad use that could encourage resistance.
Ongoing research in Sitafloxacin revolves around tackling new patterns of resistance and finding safer delivery forms. Chemists continue to explore prodrug versions and extended-release tablets to lessen dosing frequency. Infectious disease specialists regularly test Sitafloxacin against freshly isolated superbugs from intensive care units. Laboratory data show that multi-drug resistant pseudomonas and acinetobacter strains sometimes remain sensitive to Sitafloxacin, sparking hope for rescue therapy. Novel studies in children, immunocompromised adults, and in topical applications (such as eye drops) point to future expansion, but regulators and physicians make those calls based on robust clinical trials. I’ve seen firsthand the way bench research and field outbreaks drive the need for constantly improved therapies — and how industry-academic collaboration speeds up progress against emerging infections.
As with any new medicine, Sitafloxacin entered the world trailed by animal and human safety studies. Early animal toxicology flagged concerns at high doses: cartilage damage in young animals, nerve toxicity, and photosensitivity. Human trials refined the safety window, confirming good tolerability with few serious events at recommended dosages. Wider post-market surveillance has picked up rare but significant side effects, including tendon injuries and psychiatric effects similar to those seen with other fluoroquinolones. Close attention to drug interactions, particularly with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or certain cardiac medicines, also finds place in practice guidelines. Transparent reporting of both benefits and risks builds trust — only this honesty protects public health as Sitafloxacin becomes available to more prescribers and patients around the world.
Looking ahead, Sitafloxacin stands at a crossroads shaped by the genetics of microbes and the choices of doctors. The growing wave of antibiotic resistance in Asia and pockets of Africa and Europe makes Sitafloxacin an asset, but only if used wisely. Ongoing surveillance of resistance trends, better stewardship programs, and investment in rapid diagnostics will make the difference between a miracle drug and a cautionary tale. Researchers now test Sitafloxacin in combination with other agents — such as beta-lactamase inhibitors — to see if broadening its reach extends its lifespan without fueling new resistance. Advances in nanotechnology may soon create slow-release injectable depots or targeted inhaled versions to hit tough infections while sparing the rest of the body’s flora. Educators, pharmacists, and public health leaders all shoulder responsibility for this drug’s future, ensuring its power lasts for those who need it most.
Sitafloxacin monohydrate steps up when common antibiotics stumble. It belongs to a class called fluoroquinolones, which have earned their stripes in clinics worldwide for punching through bacterial defenses. Doctors tackle tough infections with sitafloxacin, especially against bacteria that have already given other drugs the cold shoulder. For folks who’ve watched a simple infection turn into a recurring headache—or for families who have sat in waiting rooms facing uncertain lab results—there’s real relief knowing another option exists.
Doctors lean on sitafloxacin when facing certain respiratory, urinary, or skin infections. Pneumonia and bronchitis often start with a cough and a bit of fatigue, but for some patients, it becomes more than a nuisance. Sitafloxacin brings hope for people who don’t bounce back after a round or two of older antibiotics. Sometimes urinary tract infections refuse to budge, especially in folks with a history of these problems. Complicated cases tend to crop up in older adults or people with other medical challenges; sitafloxacin gives doctors a practical tool when common treatments fall short.
Skin and soft tissue infections, especially in people living with diabetes, need fast, aggressive care. Any delay or weak treatment brings risks few families want to imagine: days lost at work, disrupted routines, mounting financial worries, and a trip to the hospital that can upend a life. Having sitafloxacin in the medical toolbox goes beyond numbers and statistics—it means sick people stand a better chance of staying out of the hospital.
Deciding which antibiotic to use often comes down to trust—trust in the science, and trust in the doctor’s judgment. Medical journals from across Asia and Europe report that sitafloxacin stacks up well against persistent bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and some strains of Pseudomonas. One notable feature: sitafloxacin remains effective where less potent antibiotics like ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin sometimes lose ground.
Surveillance studies show that resistant bacteria have become a growing challenge in hospitals and communities over the past decade. The World Health Organization recognizes drug resistance as a global threat, naming fluoroquinolones among the crucial tools for battling this crisis. Sitafloxacin’s unique core structure lets it bind differently to key bacterial enzymes, according to peer-reviewed research published in clinical pharmacology journals. For me, reading through the latest journal articles during hospital breaks, that fine detail matters; it translates into extra days of health for folks who need every advantage.
These kinds of antibiotics don’t come without their own responsibilities. Experts warn about overuse leading to fewer options for everyone in the long run. Community pharmacists see it firsthand: self-medicating, cutting pills in half, or stopping treatment early. The solution calls for smarter prescribing, ongoing patient education, and public policies that focus squarely on stewardship. Doctors sit at the center of this battle, but patients and family members have their own roles—all of us benefit from understanding the stakes.
Reliable antibiotics like sitafloxacin make a real difference for everyday people. Real progress depends on balanced access, respect for scientific evidence, and honest conversations in exam rooms and around kitchen tables. The fight against resistant bacteria pulls in every part of society, from laboratories to living rooms.
Prescription drugs promise help, but people worry about what else comes with the dose. Sitafloxacin monohydrate, a newer fluoroquinolone antibiotic, falls into that category. It’s designed for tough infections that sometimes resist other treatments. Results sometimes look impressive, especially when other options stall out. Yet, each pill can carry more than just the power to fight bacteria.
Most people spot the first signs of trouble in their stomach. Nausea and diarrhea show up in a noticeable slice of cases—one research review out of Japan recorded these reactions in more than 10% of patients. Stomach discomfort makes itself known as cramps, tightness, or just a dull ache. Dry mouth sometimes tags along. Patients tell their doctors, yet often chalk up these effects as a necessary trade-off. In truth, long stretches of diarrhea or stomach pain shouldn’t get brushed off. Dehydration sneaks in faster than folks expect, especially with fever or loss of appetite.
Talk to enough patients and you’ll hear about dizziness, headaches, or lightheadedness. Fluoroquinolones sometimes spark confusion or bring on anxiety. Friends who’ve taken this class mention foggy thoughts or sleep changes, and the feeling can rattle even veteran medicine takers. The trouble here lies in unpredictability. Some shake symptoms after the course ends. Others report longer spells that affect mood and memory. Older adults or those with seizure histories face higher odds of more serious neurological problems, so careful monitoring makes sense.
One of the most publicized concerns with fluoroquinolones has to do with tendons—especially the Achilles. In rare cases, these drugs seem to weaken the fibers, increasing the risk of rupture. I’ve known an athlete sidelined for months after tearing a tendon soon after finishing a similar antibiotic. The story repeats in medical journals and patient forums. Joint pain or swelling may signal early trouble. People who are over sixty or anyone on steroids call for extra caution here.
Some develop rashes or itchiness during the first days of treatment. Rarer reports talk about swelling of the lips or throat—a true emergency known as angioedema. Sun sensitivity sometimes follows, leading to quick burns from regular outdoor exposure. I remember a patient who gardened in spring, only to end up with blisters after a short session outdoors. Wide hats and sunscreen seem minor, but they help.
Nobody wants to trade one illness for another. Taking sitafloxacin calls for clear instructions and honest communication with doctors. Checking kidney function and reviewing other medications in advance helps avoid serious problems. Simple reminders, like drinking fluids or avoiding intense exercise, can keep trouble at bay. Sharing both major and minor reactions helps the care team decide if the benefits still outweigh the risks. Managing these side effects means treating humans, not just infections—a lesson that every pillbox can remind us.
Sitafloxacin Monohydrate falls into the fluoroquinolone group of antibiotics. Doctors prescribe it for a range of bacterial infections—from mild respiratory bugs to stubborn urinary tract flare-ups. The drug works by blocking bacteria from multiplying and repairing themselves. This isn’t a home remedy; this is a prescription-only medicine, and a healthcare provider needs to make that call based on your health story and those pesky lab results.
The amount you take depends on your age, the nature of the infection, and how well your kidneys keep up. I’ve watched people shrug off the idea of “taking it as directed,” then ending up with a longer, tougher recovery. Doctors often suggest swallowing the whole tablet with water. Chewing or breaking the pill can mess with the way the medicine gets into your system. Taking tablets about the same time every day helps keep a steady amount in your body, making it work better. Missing doses stacks the deck against recovery and gives bacteria a shot to get tough to treat in future infections.
Milk, antacids, and foods rich in calcium, magnesium, or iron can throw a wrench into how the medicine gets absorbed. You eat that calcium-rich snack right before the tablet, your body might not pull in the medicine as it should. Doctors and pharmacists often advise taking the pill one or two hours before or after these foods. Sharing every supplement or over-the-counter medicine you take with your provider makes a real difference. Missteps pile up otherwise—and not just with vitamins or painkillers. Blood thinners like warfarin or drugs that tilt your heart rhythm can interact with sitafloxacin, ramping up side effects.
Like most modern antibiotics, sitafloxacin can hit you with mild stomach discomfort, running to the bathroom more, or a bit of nausea. Sometimes, antibiotics knock down helpful gut bacteria too. That can set you up for issues like diarrhea or a yeast infection. On rare occasions, people run into tendon pain, allergic reactions, or changes to their heartbeat. Catching any of these early, then calling your doctor, keeps things from getting out of control.
Taking sitafloxacin without a real infection, or quitting early once you feel better, gives bacteria more ways to fight back. That’s not just a personal problem—it’s a community one. More resistant bugs mean fewer medicines that work for all of us. WHO and the CDC both push for tighter use—save these drugs for infections that truly need them, and follow medical advice down to the last pill.
Reading every word of the leaflet your pharmacist tucks into the bag pays off. Speak up about any allergies, kidney or liver concerns, or other conditions that might affect treatment. Keep the medicine out of reach of curious hands, and never hand leftover antibiotics to family or friends. Sticking to these basics keeps you on track, keeps infection in check, and does its part for public health, too.
Doctors hand out antibiotics like Sitafloxacin Monohydrate for tough bacterial infections where milder meds don’t stand a chance. Not every medicine fits into every life, though. Knowing a drug can kill bacteria doesn’t mean it works the same way for everyone. Some folks open up that pill bottle and walk right into unexpected side effects or dangerous mixes. Over the years, I’ve watched friends and family bounce through different antibiotics, and the questions always start after something goes wrong, not before. It pays to look closely at what a medicine might stir up, especially something as strong as Sitafloxacin.
Fluoroquinolones like Sitafloxacin can do a number on folks with a few specific problems in their medical history. Anyone who’s struggled with tendon pain or tendon rupture, especially from other fluoroquinolone drugs, should talk to a doctor before starting. It’s not just an older person’s risk—athletes or anyone who pushes their body at work or play can run into trouble. The FDA flagged this family of drugs for tendon issues that sometimes pop up months after stopping the pills.
People living with any kind of abnormal heart rhythm, especially QT prolongation, need to stay sharp. Sitafloxacin can stretch that heart rhythm longer, which can turn dangerous. If you’ve ever been told you have a long QT or have family members with sudden heart problems, raise the subject right away. Mixing Sitafloxacin with other meds that mess with the heart’s rhythm multiplies the risk. Antiarrhythmic drugs, some antidepressants, and antipsychotics can cause serious trouble together.
Our livers and kidneys work as the body’s cleanup crew, filtering and breaking down medicine. People with kidney or liver disease may find Sitafloxacin sticks around longer than intended, which can lead to side effects hitting harder. This can show up as more intense stomach upset, rashes, or even confusion in severe cases. A good doctor keeps track of your kidney and liver numbers before and during treatment. If something feels off—new yellowing of the skin, confusion, dark urine—getting checked sooner, not later, can protect against lasting trouble.
Some folks don’t get along with Sitafloxacin at all due to allergies. Anyone who’s ever broken out in hives, trouble breathing, or swelling of the face or tongue after antibiotics should steer clear. Fluoroquinolones can also light up the central nervous system—causing seizures, hallucinations, or even psychosis, especially for those already prone to mental health struggles or seizures. Show some caution if this hits close to home.
Calcium, magnesium, and aluminum can block absorption of this antibiotic. This means common antacids or supplements can keep Sitafloxacin from hitting bacteria where it hurts, leading to failure of treatment. Ignore the directions, and infections linger or come roaring back. Even dairy at the wrong time can throw off results. Spacing out doses or shifting meal timing can dodge this problem. Alcohol isn’t wise during antibiotic use either—risk of side effects climbs, and the body has to work that much harder.
A prescription solves nothing if it creates more problems. Fluoroquinolones, including Sitafloxacin, deserve the kind of respect usually reserved for powerful tools. Honest conversations with your provider—listing every medication, sharing family health history, and discussing past antibiotic reactions—keep major risks off the table. If a safer choice exists for your particular health story, your doctor should jump at it. When Sitafloxacin stands alone as the best shot at beating an infection, tracking symptoms and side effects like tendon aches, confusion, or heart fluttering isn’t overkill—it’s just smart. The pharmacy counter isn’t the only place to keep medicine safe. That work happens at home, too.
Plenty of folks deal with bacterial infections that don’t give up easily. Sitafloxacin Monohydrate enters the scene as a potent antibiotic, promising quick relief. Many have seen it work wonders for gnarly infections, from stubborn respiratory issues to some types of skin problems. Still, folks start asking tough questions when it’s time to treat someone who’s pregnant or breastfeeding. Medicine isn’t just about fixing one problem; it’s about making sure there isn’t a bigger mess after the treatment.
Looking for clear answers, we turn to the data. Sitafloxacin Monohydrate belongs to the fluoroquinolone family. Most doctors immediately recognize the name and recall several stories about these antibiotics causing side effects, especially for kids. Animal studies have shown that similar medicines can mess with developing bones and joints. Scientists usually use rats because their biology gives some clues about human risk. Those studies made regulators cautious. Since then, major medical bodies don’t recommend fluoroquinolones during pregnancy without exhausting other options.
Human studies on sitafloxacin and pregnancy? Still missing. No one wants to gamble the health of a developing child, which makes sense. We don’t have the gold-standard trials proving safety, and most ethical boards just won’t approve such experiments. Some reports out of Japan mention sitafloxacin use, but they don’t provide hard numbers about birth defects or long-term outcomes. The uncertainty lingers, and that makes many doctors uneasy.
Ask any pharmacist or obstetrician about prescribing antibiotics for pregnant folks, and you’ll hear the same answer—they reach for the safest option. Amoxicillin and cephalexin have decades of use behind them, showing up as the go-tos. Old antibiotics get the job done much of the time, limiting the need for newer drugs like sitafloxacin unless there’s no other choice. Sometimes a patient gets allergic to penicillin-based pills, or the infection doesn’t budge. Even then, most steer clear of fluoroquinolones if there’s another way. Many personal chats with seasoned clinicians confirm this caution—nobody wants to risk a baby’s healthy development over uncertainty.
Moms who breastfeed want answers, too. Medicines pass into milk at different rates depending on their chemistry and how the body processes them. Fluoroquinolones, including sitafloxacin, show up in breast milk, often in amounts that raise eyebrows. Not every drop spells disaster, but the risk that a baby’s rapidly developing joints or gut might take a hit makes many professionals look elsewhere. The American Academy of Pediatrics has put out warnings for several fluoroquinolones, and most doctors avoid using these drugs in nursing mothers out of an abundance of caution.
Tough choices often spark the best advice—don’t be shy about asking, “Is there a safer option?” Treating infections during pregnancy or breastfeeding stays tricky because getting the right medicine means thinking far ahead, not just about clearing the fever. Trustworthy sources like the FDA, ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists), and WHO all urge care and strong communication between patients and care teams. If sitafloxacin gets mentioned, it usually comes after other drugs fail or can’t be used at all. Bringing all concerns to the table protects both parent and baby.
Doctors lean on time-tested antibiotics. Pharmacies keep an eye on which drugs get dispensed and why, picking up on patterns of overuse. Patients talking openly about their full medical story—every medicine, every allergy, every worry—make safer care possible. These conversations prompt smarter choices every day, which helps avoid unwanted risks for families expecting or nursing young ones.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 7-[(6S,7S)-7-(Methoxyimino)-8-methyl-6-(1-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinolinyl)-5-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-2-yl]-6-fluoro-1-(methylamino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid monohydrate |
| Other names |
DU-6859a GR-122222X Sitafloxacina Sitafloxacin hydrochloride |
| Pronunciation | /saɪˌtæfloʊˈksæsɪn ˌmɒnoʊˈhaɪdreɪt/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 116450-73-4 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | `3D model (JSmol)` string for **Sitafloxacin Monohydrate**: ``` CC1CC2C(C(=O)N1C3=CC(=C(C=C3C2=O)F)O)(C(=O)O)N4CCN(CC4)C5=CC=CC=C5.O ``` |
| Beilstein Reference | Beilstein Reference: 10517042 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:77958 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL2105714 |
| ChemSpider | 144324 |
| DrugBank | DB06449 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.246.788 |
| EC Number | NA |
| Gmelin Reference | 114765 |
| KEGG | D08810 |
| MeSH | D058107 |
| PubChem CID | 10184636 |
| UNII | 5E3TK36W93 |
| UN number | UN number not assigned |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C19H21F2N3O4·H2O |
| Molar mass | 452.46 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to pale yellowish-white crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.48 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Freely soluble in water |
| log P | 0.73 |
| Acidity (pKa) | 9.21 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 15.1 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | Negligible |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.610 |
| Dipole moment | 4.32 D |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | J01MA21 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | May cause respiratory irritation. |
| GHS labelling | GHS labelling of Sitafloxacin Monohydrate: **"GHS07, GHS08, Warning, H302, H332, H373, P260, P261, P271, P301+P312, P304+P340, P314"** |
| Pictograms | ⚠️💊🚫🤰🚸🥛🚗 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | Harmful if swallowed. Causes serious eye irritation. May cause respiratory irritation. |
| Precautionary statements | Do not store above 30°C. Protect from light and moisture. Keep out of reach of children. |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | Health: 2, Flammability: 1, Instability: 0, Special: - |
| Flash point | > 383.4 ± 32.0 °C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD₅₀ (oral, rat): >2000 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): 2000 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| PEL (Permissible) | Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 100 mg daily |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Quinolone Fluoroquinolone Levofloxacin Ciprofloxacin Moxifloxacin Ofloxacin Norfloxacin |
