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People often overlook the long, winding road many specialty chemicals take before finding a place in industry or agriculture. O,O,O',O'-Tetraethyl S,S'-Methylenebis(Dithiophosphate) traces its roots back to the mid-20th century, back when inventors and industrial chemists sought new compounds to boost metalworking fluids, lubricants, and crop protection measures. The early pioneers looked for structure-activity relationships, testing new sulfur-rich molecules for function and reliability. By the 1960s, as metal-fabricating methods ramped up, new additives like this one gained traction for their rare blends of thermal stability and lubricity. Industrial catalogs in the 1980s featured this compound for anti-wear and corrosion-inhibiting properties. Today, it has solidified its position in the toolbox of manufacturing chemists and engineers.
Among organophosphorus compounds, O,O,O',O'-Tetraethyl S,S'-Methylenebis(Dithiophosphate) stands out for versatility. This molecule carries tetraethyl groups and a central methylene bridge linking two dithiophosphate units. Most often, this chemical appears as a pale yellow to brown oily liquid. Chemists value it for its ability to form thin films on metal surfaces, lending heavy-duty lubrication and protection to tools, gears, and bearings. Farmers and pest control operators, after modifications, have explored it for crop and soil treatments, chasing better yields and disease control without unwanted side effects. In practical laboratories, staff recognize its strong odor and careful handling requirements, a reminder of its potent chemistry.
Product literature lists a molecular formula of C10H24O4P2S4 and a molecular weight of 408.51 g/mol. The compound’s characteristic color derives from heavy sulfur content. Its density sits near 1.312 g/cm³ at 20°C, and it shows limited solubility in water but dissolves easily in common organic solvents like toluene and chloroform. The boiling point often exceeds 320°C under reduced pressure, so companies transport and store it as a liquid below those temperatures. Reactivity focuses mainly on the dithiophosphate groups, prone to oxidation and hydrolysis under strong acids or bases. The phosphorodithioate structure creates significant thermal and oxidative resistance, elevating its appeal for lubricant and anti-wear additives. Vapors have a sharp, unpleasant smell, so construction engineers and workers need to keep ventilation running when handling it onsite.
Each drum shipped globally carries a clear label: 99% minimum purity, acid value below 0.1 mg KOH/g, water content under 0.1%. Genuine industrial-grade product comes stabilized to resist slow decomposition. Batch records list heavy metals (lead, arsenic, cadmium) well below international tolerance limits. Regulatory codes such as REACH and TSCA often assign custom tracking numbers, keeping transport and storage in check. Packaging relies on lined steel drums or high-density polyethylene totes, keeping exposure to air and moisture at a minimum. Staff handling bulk stock in factories train to identify common labels: skull and crossbones (acute toxicity), “wear gloves and goggles,” and SIGMA or Merck trade names when authenticated product rolls off the truck.
The chemical synthesis follows a path rooted in the classics: phosphorus pentasulfide reacts with ethanol, yielding diethyl dithiophosphoric acid, and then condenses under gentle heating with formaldehyde. Skilled operators filter and distill the resulting oil, drawing off by-products and achieving high yields through staged extraction. Equipment must withstand corrosion, so plants build reactors from specialty stainless steel or glass-lined vessels. Technicians monitor temperature and pressure, keeping side reactions at bay. Monitoring by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirms the formation of the target methylenebis linkage. Storing the product under inert gas further prevents oxidation, preserving its shelf life for years in sealed conditions.
In the laboratory, this dithiophosphate easily forms complexes with metals like zinc, copper, or nickel. These derivatives see use as anti-corrosion agents, friction modifiers, and in agricultural mixtures. Reactions with alkyl halides or oxidizing agents lead to further tailoring, turning out new specialty additives with altered solubility or performance. Exposure to UV light or strong oxidants should be avoided; they break S–P bonds and degrade performance. Each modification shifts the balance of toxicity and utility, making proper testing a requirement for regulatory filings. For those seeking new crop protection methods, researchers often tweak the basic backbone, swapping ethyl groups for other alkyl types, probing for improved compatibility or stability.
Across the globe, technical and trade names run the gamut. Chemists and suppliers sometimes call it Tetraethyl Methylenebis(dithiophosphate), S,S'-Methylenebis(O,O,O',O'-tetraethyl dithiophosphate), or just “bis-dithiophosphate ester” in shorthand. Product literature from Afton Chemical, Lubrizol, and similar groups might list proprietary blends, each with slight structural tweaks for unique performance. Safety sheets flag the same hazard profiles under various names, but the structure remains unchanged: two dithiophosphate groups bridged by methylene and capped by ethyls. Shipping manifests in Europe, the US, and China often rely on the correct CAS number for regulatory clearance.
Shop floors, field sites, and research labs treating this reagent give it the same respect accorded to strong acids or alkylating agents. Direct skin or eye contact, or repeated inhalation, harms workers. Safety programs teach spill containment, glove use, and chemical splash goggles as standard practice. Emergency showers and eyewash stations nest near mixing stations. As a liquid, this chemical attacks unprotected aluminum and soft metals, so broken tools in a spill can add to hazards. OSHA and local environmental health offices enforce exposure limits, often setting parts-per-million vapor thresholds for indoor factories. Waste management specialists plan neutralization and incineration routes for off-spec or expired stock, eliminating unsafe buildup in storerooms. Chemical safety training extends to supervisors and new hires, so no one faces a cloud of vapor or dripping drums without full awareness.
Few specialty chemicals boast the application range of O,O,O',O'-Tetraethyl S,S'-Methylenebis(Dithiophosphate). Metalworking and automotive industries pour it by the ton into anti-wear lubricant blends and hydraulic fluids. Each dose reduces gear tooth wear, wards off rust, and keeps precision parts running under heavy load. Some industrial lubricants demand additives that work under high temperatures and shearing forces, and this molecule fits that bill. Agricultural suppliers research versions for crop protection, pressing for formulas that hit pests hard but break down safely in soil. Flotation chemists in mining use customized forms of the compound to separate ores and minerals by exploiting how metals bind to sulfur sites. In labs, variations of the molecule help researchers test new methods for combating metal fatigue and corrosion.
Progress drives continuous improvement in this field. Multinational firms invest in pilot plants to test new derivatives with lower toxicity, higher performance under pressure, and better compatibility with modern synthetic base oils. Analytical labs run battery after battery of wear tests using high-frequency reciprocating rig machines, profiling additive performance at hundreds of hours of run time. Developers press forward with “greener” versions, designing molecules that degrade quickly after their industrial lifespan ends. I’ve watched as newer generations of students and postdocs hunt for modifications that shut down pests on crops yet leave beneficial insects untouched, pursing that elusive balance between protection and environmental safety. In mining, businesses test tailored molecules to reclaim more valuable metals from ore with less waste and lower energy consumption.
Years of study show this class of compounds has both acute and chronic risks. Rodent studies reveal that very high doses knock out red blood cells and disrupt liver enzyme function, though industrial exposure falls far below these levels. Skin tests on rabbits show mild to moderate irritation; inhalation at high concentration causes respiratory symptoms. In water, rapid breakdown limits risk to fish in some cases, but run-off can raise local phosphate levels, which stresses aquatic ecosystems. Human epidemiological data remains limited, so regulations lean on precaution, tight exposure controls, and routine monitoring. Environmental risk assessors press for alternate molecules in sensitive regions or require engineered waste treatment.
Companies and universities keep working toward safer, more effective next-generation additives. Lubrication science now aims for zero-discharge, biodegradable types that don’t trade off durability or protection. Electronic cars and precision robotics create new standards for cleanliness and reliability, challenging chemists to adapt legacy molecules like this one to demanding new environments. Green chemistry pushes for biosourced feedstocks, lower toxicity, and lifecycle analysis right from molecule design. Regulatory forces in Europe and Asia grow stricter year by year, tilting the balance toward transparency and documentation at every step—from synthesis to disposal. The next decade will likely see not just a broadening of applications, but a sharper focus on sustainability and occupational health. My own time working alongside industry showed the importance of cross-disciplinary teams: chemists, toxicologists, process engineers, and automation experts coming together to move specialty chemicals forward without repeating the mistakes of the past.
You can walk into any supply shop for industrial lubricants and find a shelf stocked with additives, but only a handful play as big a role as O,O,O',O'-Tetraethyl S,S'-Methylenebis(Dithiophosphate). This name might challenge anyone who’s had less than five coffees, but in day-to-day use, most call it by its family name: dithiophosphate ester. Most folks running gearboxes, heavy machinery, or vehicle fleets don’t think twice about the science in their lubrication, but the right additive makes the difference between a worn-out system and a well-oiled machine.
From personal experience in maintaining shop floor equipment, systems fail far more from metal-on-metal friction or thermal breakdown than from simple misuse. This molecule steps in where ordinary oils give up. During heavy operation — say, an industrial press or a wind turbine — there’s significant metal contact. O,O,O',O'-Tetraethyl S,S'-Methylenebis(Dithiophosphate) steps up to form a thin, almost invisible film. That film, built on phosphorus and sulfur chemistry, keeps two pieces of metal from welding together under pressure. This is more than theory. Research published in the Journal of Lubrication Science backs this up, showing dithiophosphate compounds lower wear scars by nearly half compared to untreated oils. This increases machinery lifespan and slashes downtime, something every operator appreciates when faced with unexpected shutdowns.
It’s a simple truth: industrial gear sets and engines see heat and, without the right guard, start breaking down. This additive resists oxidation, even under high temperatures. I’ve seen old oil samples from gearboxes run at max load. Oils missing these dithiophosphate compounds turn black and viscous, thick with decomposed sludge. Well-blended lubricants keep their golden color longer and pull double duty, fighting rust and corrosion by keeping water and oxygen away from sensitive parts.
Using these additives isn’t just about preventing gear failures. Protecting equipment keeps dangerous machine faults in check. Factories using better lubricants face fewer accidents from snapped shafts or seized motors. That keeps workers safer and allows businesses to avoid costly spills — an outcome more folks ought to care about. Studies also highlight that effective antiwear agents help cut waste oil volume by letting lubricants last longer, easing some pressure on disposal systems. While every chemical in industry lands under scrutiny, decades of toxicology data have given dithiophosphate esters a fairly clean bill compared to older, hazardous additives like lead-based compounds.
It’s easy to focus only on product benefits, but real progress shows up with transparency and responsible handling. Manufacturers have shifted toward clearer labeling, and some new formulations reduce environmental persistence. Regulators and industry groups can keep working to set sensible limits on discharge and exposure. Training techs and operators to handle oils safely and collect used fluid responsibly goes a long way toward safer factories and cleaner water downstream.
Maintenance teams, chemical engineers, and policy watchdogs all share a role in keeping our gear turning smoothly and our environment steady. Dithiophosphate additives like O,O,O',O'-Tetraethyl S,S'-Methylenebis(Dithiophosphate) solve real, everyday challenges. Folks hunting for proven solutions to extend equipment life still rely on this chemistry — not because it’s flashy, but because it simply works.
Anyone working with industrial chemicals knows distractions have no place in the workspace. O,O,O',O'-Tetraethyl S,S'-Methylenebis(Dithiophosphate), the tongue-twister many call an additive in lubricant formulations, deserves complete focus. This chemical doesn’t mess around. It arrives with the potential to irritate the skin, eyes, or lungs, and can start long-term trouble if handled carelessly. Stories pass around between technicians about colleagues nursing rashes and coughs for weeks—sometimes, that becomes a wake-up call.
Over the years, the best safeguard remains a solid barrier between skin and chemical. Lab coats with snug cuffs, chemical-resistant gloves, and polycarbonate goggles keep the chemical at bay. Splashing isn't always predictable, so even if the job looks routine, long-sleeved work gear and a face shield should be your norm. At the end of a shift, washing hands takes little time, but means sidestepping nasty reactions. In shared workspaces, I’ve noticed those who keep extra gloves on hand rarely report accidents, a simple trick that pays off.
One whiff of a volatile compound and you know why serious ventilation belongs in every SOP. Fume hoods or exhaust systems might seem like overkill until a spill or unexpected reaction creates clouds nobody wants to breathe. Respirators rated for organic vapors should hang close by, ready for those moments when containment falters. On tough days, a well-aerated room feels like insurance as much as regulation.
Safe storage calls for more than a sturdy cabinet, plain and simple. This chemical prefers cool, dry spaces with rock-steady temperatures. Moisture can trigger breakdowns, so desiccants or humidity monitors fit right in. Strong acids and oxidizers belong nowhere near this stuff—too many incidents start with careless shelf stacking. Labeling stands out as another key step. Clear, durable tags save confusion in a pinch, especially when new team members step in.
Even careful folks make mistakes. Fast, coordinated spill response draws the line between an awkward clean-up and a health crisis. Absorbent pads and neutralizing agents deserve a spot front and center in storerooms. Avoid flammable clean-up tools or paper towels, since many phosphates react with surprising heat. Where I work, regular drills turn rookie jitters into steady hands – hands that know exactly where to grab a spill kit or fresh goggles.
Disposing of dithiophosphate compounds isn’t a guesswork game. Licensed hazardous waste collectors should handle everything. In my line of work, two pairs of eyes always double-check paperwork on outgoing waste, because local authorities have little patience for mix-ups. Pouring leftovers down the drain or into regular trash spells trouble for sewage systems and the environment. People who cut corners here endanger not just themselves, but whole communities downstream.
Experience proves that a shared commitment to safety builds trust and keeps danger in check. Supervisors who invest in regular training end up with teams who watch out for each other and flag risky shortcuts before they become incidents. It’s not about ticking boxes—it’s about people coming home healthy every day. That’s what real safety means.
O,O,O’,O’-Tetraethyl S,S’-Methylenebis(dithiophosphate) usually plays a role as an additive. Lubricant manufacturers turn to it for its anti-wear and antioxidant properties. You’ll find this mouthful of a chemical—let’s just call it “the phosphate”—in industrial oils, greases, and some hydraulic fluids. It helps equipment last longer, keeps engines from wearing down, and keeps heat and corrosion at bay.
Chemicals that stick around can become a problem. The phosphate doesn’t break down quickly in the environment. Reports from regulatory studies show that compounds similar to this one stick in soil and water longer than many folks realize. Persistent chemicals work their way into waterways or leach into the earth. Fish and aquatic insects absorb these compounds, and it keeps building up inside them. These chemicals don’t just vanish; they can pass through the food web, affecting more than just the critters at the bottom.
Researchers have pointed out the link between dithiophosphate compounds and toxicity in aquatic environments. Studies from the European Chemicals Agency mention that similar phosphates—when dumped into streams—can stunt the growth of small fish and plankton, even at low doses. When factories don’t manage their runoff or oil leaks, these chemicals end up in rivers and lakes.
Looking the other way on industrial pollution lands us in trouble. As someone who spent time volunteering at river cleanups, I often saw how tough it gets once these slippery chemicals coat river rocks and mud. Some folks in farming communities depend on well water, and groundwater with chemical runoff poses long-term health risks. Even a few parts per million can make water risky, especially for kids and elderly folks. The burden mostly falls on rural folks, anglers, and the animals we rarely see.
Manufacturers want lubricants that protect parts and keep businesses running, but the old route often overlooks long-term messes. More countries require safety data on new chemicals before approving them. The United States Environmental Protection Agency tracks the toxicity and persistence of these organophosphates, and their data has led some companies to swap out older formulas for those that break down quicker and pose less risk.
Going beyond command-and-control rules can help. Industries can introduce regular audits, even if the law doesn’t force them. Farmers often work with local environmental agencies to patch up storage tanks and prevent leaks. I’ve met plant managers who started using biodegradable oil additives after finding out how persistent old additives were—sometimes the switch proved cost-effective, even if up-front costs seemed steeper.
People can push for better labeling. Many folks don’t know which chemicals ride along in products they use every day. Clearer labels and industry transparency help workers and customers choose safer products. Funding independent testing also goes a long way. Nonprofits and universities often dive deeper than company-paid reports.
Ongoing research digs into how much of these chemicals can safely exist in water before rivers start changing for the worse. While total bans might not happen tomorrow, strong monitoring and smart changes can keep the air, water, and soil healthier for years to come.
Chemical names this long usually hide a lot of complexity. O,O,O',O'-Tetraethyl S,S'-Methylenebis(dithiophosphate) sounds intimidating, but it describes something with a clear backbone. The core sits on a methylene bridge—think of a single carbon atom—connecting two dithiophosphate groups. Each dithiophosphate arm carries two ethyl groups stuck to the five-membered phosphate unit. The formula looks like this: C9H24O4P2S4. The structure draws from bis-type organophosphates, with sulfur atoms in place that would usually hold oxygen, so it swaps out certain chemical behaviors you’d see in the more familiar versions.
You might run across this compound mostly in the lubricant and metalworking additive industries. I've noticed industrial chemists hold up organophosphates like this one for their ability to protect machinery. Any factory running at high horsepower depends on chemicals that stick to metal surfaces and build invisible armor against wear. The sulfur in dithiophosphates does more than just sit tight—it helps build a slippery layer, cutting down scraping and grinding between moving pieces. Keeping machines running costs real money, and breakdowns send ripples through supply chains. In my own work with farmers and small manufacturers, unplanned downtime creates as much headache as a labor shortage. Every element in these additives plays a role, so the S,S'-methylenebis part here lets engineers fine-tune the balance of protection and chemical compatibility.
Phosphorus chemistry walks a tricky road. Organophosphates built for agriculture and industry have drawn criticism over the years, sometimes for real, justifiable reasons. Many compounds in this class break down and react with enzymes you’d rather keep working, like cholinesterase in humans and animals. With O,O,O',O'-Tetraethyl S,S'-Methylenebis(dithiophosphate), environmental regulations stay strict for good reason. Factory workers, mechanics, and even families near plants want assurance that dust, vapor, or water runoff carries no long-term health burdens. I’ve met operators who’ve handled these liquids with nothing but a denim shirt and a pair of gloves. Training and reliable gear save lives, so oversight should never feel like a paper-shuffling exercise.
Solutions require more than a label on a drum. Engineering controls, sealed systems, and monitoring equipment provide practical protection. Community outreach, providing guidance and education in plain language, builds trust. In my experience, chemists who take time to talk with maintenance crews wind up producing more usable safety protocols than those who hand out technical jargon. Industry and regulatory agencies can work together to expand testing for safer substitutes, taking cues from the latest toxicology and eco-toxicology findings. Advances in green chemistry keep coming, and those who invest in safer, biodegradable organophosphates or totally new classes of additives deepen their long-term advantage—both financially and in public trust.
Research teams, especially with solid collaboration among industry and universities, keep searching for new ways to deliver machinery protection and environmental safety side by side. This compound’s chemical architecture lets inventors explore tweaks—swapping alkyl groups or rearranging bridges—to push toward new breakthroughs. Direct discussion with workers on the ground closes the loop: theory meets practice, science meets daily life, and everyone stands to benefit from safer, smarter chemistry.
O,O,O',O'-Tetraethyl S,S'-Methylenebis(Dithiophosphate) goes by a long name, but folks in the lubricant or industrial additives business know it simply as a key ingredient for anti-wear and antioxidant functions. I’ve worked around industrial chemicals for years, and one basic rule stands out: anyone who cuts corners with storage and transport risks more than product loss—there’s health, safety, and the workplace environment to consider. Getting these steps right isn’t about bureaucratic red tape—it keeps real people safe and operations running smoothly.
This compound contains phosphorus and sulfur, so inhaling the fumes or direct skin contact can cause irritation. Leaks or uncontrolled spills may set off reactions with moisture or incompatible substances, causing hazardous decomposition. According to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), it carries risks for aquatic life and can irritate eyes and skin. That tracks with what the industrial hygiene folks at plants keep reminding us: personal protective equipment stays non-negotiable for those who handle this stuff.
Chemicals like this don’t mix well with moisture or temperature swings. Years around storage yards taught me that even one leaking drum or a bit of rain seeping into a storage shed can cause expensive headaches. For this product, storing in cool, dry, well-ventilated areas works best. Keep it away from sunlight, heat sources, and any areas where water collects. Containers should use corrosion-resistant materials—metal drums lined with special coatings, plastic bins rated for the substance, or other compatible packaging.
Stacks or pallets need clear labels that won’t smudge or peel off, especially with emergency information. It sounds obvious, but you’d be surprised how fast that gets overlooked on busy loading docks.
When sending shipments out, the right vehicles and packaging play a huge role. Secure, sealed drums—never makeshift repairs—limit the risk of leaks. Training the drivers matters just as much; they should know how to handle emergencies, identify signs of a problem, and stop things before they escalate.
Many companies use certificates like ISO 9001 or follow regulations from the US Department of Transportation (DOT) and the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code. A friend who handles international chemical logistics tells me that paperwork isn’t just a nuisance. If something goes wrong, inspectors ask for evidence, not excuses, and insurance coverage depends on following all these steps.
In my own career, one small lapse—a loose fitting or a missed inspection—can turn routine transport into a scramble to clean up after a leak. The lesson hits home every time: maintenance, double-checks, and a culture that encourages speaking up. Successful companies create an environment where workers feel ownership over safety and respect the materials they handle.
Investment in spill kits and real-time monitoring equipment saves money in the long run. Strong training programs go beyond memorizing procedures; I’ve seen results improve when supervisors run “what-if” drills and encourage reporting of near misses. Sharing information between companies also helps—trade groups, government bulletins, and reliable industry partners have all pointed out new risks and smarter solutions.
Treating chemical storage and transport as a living process, not a rigid checklist, keeps people healthy and businesses productive. After all, behind every shipment sits a team that wants to head home safe at the end of the day.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | Tetraethoxy-methanediylbis(sulfanylidene)phosphorothioate |
| Other names |
Tetraethyl dithiopyrophosphate TEPP Dithion Bladan Demos Phoskil Tetraethyl pyrophosphate |
| Pronunciation | /ˌtɛtrəˈiːθaɪl ˌɛsˌɛsˈmɛθɪliːnˌbɪsˌdaɪˌθaɪəˈfeɪt/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 25103-54-6 |
| Beilstein Reference | 2052229 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:39157 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL3675440 |
| ChemSpider | 2022845 |
| DrugBank | DB11360 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03a86b6c-e3c2-4e16-822b-8579f78c5b4e |
| EC Number | 283-392-8 |
| Gmelin Reference | 79568 |
| KEGG | C14151 |
| MeSH | D004166 |
| PubChem CID | 16211036 |
| RTECS number | TM9275000 |
| UNII | S5D0V77896 |
| UN number | “UN2783” |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID5020702 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C9H22O4P2S4 |
| Molar mass | 538.7 g/mol |
| Appearance | Yellow liquid |
| Odor | mercaptan-like |
| Density | 1.32 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | insoluble |
| log P | 3.87 |
| Vapor pressure | <0.01 mmHg @ 20°C |
| Acidity (pKa) | 1.21 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 2.54 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -24.24 × 10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.574 |
| Viscosity | Viscous liquid |
| Dipole moment | 3.85 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 610.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -1170.7 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -8113 kJ·mol⁻¹ |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | QV04AA01 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed. Causes skin irritation. Causes serious eye irritation. May cause respiratory irritation. Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07, GHS08, GHS09 |
| Pictograms | GHS07,GHS09 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H315, H318, H400 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P260, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 2-2-0 |
| Flash point | Flash point: 110 °C |
| Autoignition temperature | 355°C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 oral rat 158 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): Rat oral 158 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | WN3675000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | 5 mg/m3 |
| REL (Recommended) | 0.1 mg/m³ |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | IDLH: 250 mg/m³ |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Dimethyldithiophosphoric acid Diisopropyldithiophosphoric acid Zinc dithiophosphate O,O-Diethyl dithiophosphate |
