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Substance Name: Nitrofurantoin
Common Names: Macrodantin, Furadantin
Chemical Formula: C8H6N4O5
Appearance: Yellow crystalline powder
Primary Use: Prescription antibiotic for urinary tract infections
Signal Word: Warning
Hazards: Skin and eye irritant, respiratory tract irritant, possible sensitizer
Chronic Exposure Risks: Liver toxicity, lung inflammation, hemolytic anemia (especially in those with G6PD deficiency)
Pictograms: Exclamation mark for irritant, health hazard for potential serious effects
Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, eye contact
Active Ingredient: Nitrofurantoin (usually >97 percent purity)
Hazardous Impurities: Trace related nitrofuran compounds
Formulation Excipients: Often includes stabilizers and fillers in tablet or capsule forms
Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
Skin Contact: Wash with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing.
Eye Contact: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Get medical advice for ongoing irritation.
Ingestion: Rinse mouth. Call a healthcare provider for advice. Do not induce vomiting unless told to by a professional.
Medical Observation: Monitor for allergic response or respiratory issues.
Suitable Extinguishing Agents: Water spray, dry chemical powder, foam, or CO2 extinguisher
Combustion Hazards: Emits toxic fumes including nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides when burned
Protective Equipment: Firefighters should use self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective gear
Other: Avoid breathing dust, fumes, or gases generated during fire
Spill Response: Wear protective gear such as gloves, goggles, and mask
Containment: Avoid creating dust; sweep up gently and place in suitable container for disposal
Cleanup: Ventilate area; wash spill site after material pickup
Environmental Precautions: Prevent entry to drains or waterways
Safe Handling: Avoid dust generation and direct contact; wash hands after handling
Incompatible Materials: Strong oxidizers, acids, alkalis
Storage Conditions: Store in tightly closed container, in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place, away from heat and moisture
Special Notes: Keep containers labelled and out of reach of unauthorized personnel
Engineering Controls: Local exhaust ventilation, closed systems preferred for bulk handling
Personal Protection: Use gloves, protective clothing, chemical-resistant goggles
Respiratory Protection: Mask or respirator if dust or fumes might occur
Hygiene Measures: No eating, drinking, or smoking around the product; wash hands thoroughly after use
State: Solid (crystalline powder)
Color: Yellow
Odor: Odorless or faint chemical scent
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, soluble in dimethylformamide
Melting Point: About 268°C (514°F), decomposes on heating
Stable at: Standard temperature and pressures
Chemical Stability: Stable at room temperature in closed containers
Reactivity: Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, and alkalis
Hazardous Decomposition: May release nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides if heated to decomposition
Polymerization: No hazardous polymerization expected
Acute Toxicity: Can cause nausea, headache, pulmonary reactions if inhaled, and irritation on direct contact
Chronic Effects: Long-term use associated with liver inflammation, lung problems, and rarely, nerve damage
Allergic Potential: Some users develop hypersensitivity, rash, or respiratory difficulty
At-Risk Populations: Greater risk in those with kidney issues or G6PD deficiency
Environmental Persistence: Poorly biodegradable; can persist in aquatic environments
Bioaccumulation: Potential for accumulation in aquatic organisms noted in some studies
Aquatic Toxicity: Documented toxicity to fish and certain invertebrates
Precaution: Avoid release to the environment through uncontrolled disposal
Preferred Disposal: Incineration under controlled conditions; avoid landfill to prevent leaching
Regulatory Context: Classified as hazardous pharmaceutical waste in many regions
Container Disposal: Empty containers should receive the same treatment as product waste
Regulatory Status: Not listed as a dangerous good for transport by major agencies
Special Provisions: Prevent damage to packaging; avoid moisture and extremes of temperature during transit
Workplace Classification: Designated as hazardous per OSHA and comparable agencies in many countries
Exposure Guidelines: Occupational exposure limits not specifically established in all regions
Other Considerations: Listed as a prescription drug; subject to national drug-control laws
