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Product Name: N-Amyl Nitrate
Chemical Name: Pentyl Nitrate
Synonyms: Amyl Nitrate, Isoamyl Nitrate, 1-Pentyl Nitrate
CAS Number: 1002-16-0
Relevant Uses: Used in organic synthesis, laboratory reagent, fuel additive.
Manufacturer: Chemical manufacturers supplying industrial reagents.
Emergency Contact: Refer to national poison center and local chemical safety hotlines for immediate guidance.
Address: Refer to packaging or supply documentation for producer location details.
GHS Classification: Flammable liquid (Category 2), Acute toxicity (Category 4, inhalation and oral), Skin and eye irritant.
Label Elements: Flame, Exclamation Mark
Hazard Statements: Highly flammable liquid and vapor, harmful if inhaled or swallowed, causes skin and eye irritation, may cause drowsiness or dizziness from vapors.
Precautionary Statements: Keep away from sparks or open flame, avoid breathing vapors, wear skin and eye protection, wash exposed areas thoroughly after handling, use only outdoors or in well-ventilated area.
Emergency Overview: Clear or pale yellow liquid, strong odor similar to nitrites, vapor can cause headaches or dizziness quickly in confined spaces.
Chemical Identity: N-Amyl Nitrate
Purity: Typically >98%
Impurities: Small traces of related alkyl nitrates or alcohols due to synthesis route.
Molecular Formula: C5H11NO3
Molecular Weight: 133.15 g/mol
Inhalation: Move person to fresh air immediately, loosen tight clothing, call for medical aid if symptoms persist like dizziness or shortness of breath, provide artificial respiration if breathing has stopped.
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing right away, wash skin thoroughly with soap and water, seek medical attention if irritation continues or blisters appear.
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes gently with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, making sure eyelids are open, remove contact lenses if safe, seek emergency medical attention for persistent effects.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting, rinse mouth with water, seek immediate medical attention, never feed anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
General Advice: Keep victim warm and quiet, monitor for irregular pulse or breathing difficulties, notify emergency services with full details about chemical exposure.
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Use dry chemical powder, carbon dioxide, foam; water spray effective for larger fires to cool containers.
Unsuitable Media: Avoid direct water jet as it may spread the fire.
Hazards From Combustion: Burning can release irritating or toxic gases, such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, dense black smoke.
Special Protective Equipment: Firefighters should use self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective gear.
Precautions: Keep containers cool with water spray to prevent rupture from heat, isolate area and evacuate unprotected personnel, move containers from fire area if possible without risk.
Personal Precautions: Ventilate area, wear splash-proof goggles, flame-resistant gloves, and chemical-resistant clothing, eliminate all sources of ignition.
Environmental Precautions: Prevent contaminant from entering waterways, sewer systems, or soil.
Methods for Cleanup: Absorb spill with inert material like sand or earth, shovel into suitable containers for disposal, wash spill site with detergent and water only after all risk of fire is controlled.
Notification: Notify local authorities if spill could threaten environment or community health.
Safe Handling: Transfer in closed systems with proper ventilation, ground/bond all equipment to prevent electrostatic discharge, avoid inhaling vapor or skin contact, keep away from any heat or spark, no smoking in work area.
Storage Conditions: Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated place, away from direct sunlight and incompatible substances including oxidizers or acids, maintain containers tightly closed and clearly labeled.
Incompatible Materials: Strong acids, bases, oxidizing agents may trigger dangerous reactions.
Other: Clearly segregate chemical from food and feed, check storage area regularly for leaks or deterioration in containers.
Exposure Limits: Consult current regulatory standards, recommended workplace exposure limits often set for similar alkyl nitrates range from 1 to 10 ppm (mg/m³).
Engineering Controls: Use local exhaust ventilation, process enclosures, explosion-proof electrical equipment.
Personal Protection: Wear chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile or butyl), flame-resistant lab coat, splash goggles, face shield for bulk handling, full respirator when handling large quantities or when ventilation is not adequate.
Hygiene Measures: Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in work area, wash hands before breaks and after handling product, launder contaminated clothing before reuse.
Appearance: Clear, colorless to pale yellow oily liquid
Odor: Sweet, fruity odor similar to other nitrites
Odor Threshold: Detectable at low concentrations due to strong smell
pH: Not applicable (neutral organic liquid)
Melting Point: Approximately -75°C
Boiling Point: 99 to 102°C
Flash Point: About 13°C (closed cup)
Evaporation Rate: Rapid at room temperature
Flammability: Highly flammable liquid and vapor
Vapor Pressure: Approximately 15 mmHg at 20°C
Vapor Density: 4.6 (air = 1)
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, miscible in organic solvents
Partition Coefficient (log Kow): Estimated around 2.5–3.0
Autoignition Temperature: 210°C
Decomposition Temperature: Above 130°C
Viscosity: Low
Density: About 0.88 g/cm³ at 20°C
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage and handling conditions.
Reactivity: Sensitive to light, heat, contact with strong oxidizers, acids, bases.
Hazardous Reactions: Rapid decomposition in presence of strong acids or bases, risk of explosive polymerization if heated strongly or exposed to incompatible chemicals.
Conditions to Avoid: Excessive heat, open flames, sparks, sunlight, physical shock.
Incompatible Materials: Alkali metals, strong reducing agents, peroxides, anhydrides, and powerful oxidizers.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Releases toxic nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide on burning or decomposition.
Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, skin and eye contact, ingestion.
Acute Effects: Headaches, dizziness, nausea, rapid or irregular heartbeat, bluish skin due to methemoglobinemia, irritation of eyes/skin/respiratory system, possible unconsciousness if exposed to high concentrations.
Chronic Effects: Prolonged exposure may damage blood, nerves or respiratory system, increase risk of sensitization and allergic reactions.
LD50 (oral, rat): Estimated between 200–800 mg/kg
LD50 (dermal, rabbit): Data limited, likely moderately toxic.
Carcinogenicity: Not classified as carcinogenic by IARC, NTP, OSHA.
Mutagenicity: Data limited.
Reproductive Toxicity: Evidence not clear, use protection for pregnant or lactating workers.
Ecotoxicity: Moderately toxic to aquatic organisms, fish and invertebrates sensitive to low concentrations, persistent release may disrupt aquatic life by promoting oxygen depletion or causing direct toxic effects.
Persistence: Not readily biodegradable, can persist in water for extended periods.
Bioaccumulation: Potential moderate bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms due to lipid solubility.
Mobility in Soil: Moderate, may move into ground water if spills not contained.
Other Adverse Effects: Vapors contribute to formation of photochemical smog, high-volume release endangers community water safety.
Waste Treatment: Treat as hazardous waste, use licensed chemical disposal company.
Container Disposal: Empty and triple-rinse containers before incineration, puncture to prevent reuse.
Precautions: Do not discharge to surface water, sewers, or environment; avoid accidental releases during transfer or disposal.
Regulatory Requirements: Handle following local, regional and national hazardous waste regulations.
UN Number: UN 2059
Proper Shipping Name: Amyl Nitrates
Transport Hazard Class: 3 (Flammable Liquid)
Packing Group: II
Marine Pollutant: Not regulated as a marine pollutant, but highly recommended to avoid aquatic leaks.
Transport Labels: Flammable Liquid, Keep Away From Heat, Handle With Care
Special Precautions: Secure containers upright, avoid stacking, ensure good ventilation in transport vehicles, restrict access to trained personnel.
OSHA Status: Listed as hazardous chemical, subject to workplace safety monitoring and reporting.
SARA Title III: Requires reporting for releases over certain thresholds.
TSCA Inventory: Listed for use and handling.
REACH (EU): Subject to restrictions regarding handling, use, and environmental release.
Canadian WHMIS: Classified as toxic and flammable, subject to worker training and labeling requirements.
Other National Inventories: Product included in national chemical lists requiring workplace risk management.
Label Elements: Ensure up-to-date pictograms and signal words, communicate hazards and safety measures in line with national standards.
