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Methylcyclohexanone peroxide didn’t just appear as a blip in the chemical timeline. The roots stretch back to a period when scientists deepened their search for new organic peroxides to fuel both industrial progress and scientific discovery. During the mid-twentieth century, driven by the burgeoning plastics movement and changing needs in polymer science, researchers started looking closer at peroxides as polymerization initiators. Methylcyclohexanone peroxide fell into the spotlight for its reactive oxygen framework that could efficiently kickstart chemical chains. Over decades, careful adjustment of concentrations and diluting agents, like Type B diluents, emerged, not simply because chemists hoped for better results but because safety standards demanded it. Recognition of the hazards associated with these peroxides led to strict operating regimes and constant refinement of storage practices. Without this history of focus and refinement, the compound would likely face far less interest—and a lot more accidents.
Mention methylcyclohexanone peroxide, and most chemists think of a clear to pale-yellow liquid, a rather unassuming sight that belies just how much kinetic energy it holds. Used as a catalyst or initiator, its action gets taken advantage of in areas like unsaturated polyester resin production and certain specialty coatings. Formulated at up to 67% active peroxide, often mixed with around a third of stabilizing diluent, this blend seeks to balance necessary reactivity with safer handling. Trade names and synonyms abound—not just for branding purposes but to capture subtle tweaks or varying dilution bases. Some labels in industry include technical descriptors, while research circles often stick to chemical shorthand. No matter what one calls it, the blend’s power and risk drive a careful respect across all sectors.
Pour a little methylcyclohexanone peroxide in the beaker, and the volatility speaks for itself. Clear or just barely yellow, it offers little scent warning, but volatility can catch many off-guard. With an active oxygen content topping 67%, this substance packs enough punch for polymer chemists to see reliable, rapid reactions. Solubility skews toward organic solvents, while water holds little draw for it. Non-coordinated, free-standing, and energetic, the molecule’s chemical structure includes oxygen-oxygen bonds—by nature, prone to breaking and boosting reaction rates. This energy comes at a cost, as peroxides rank high on lists of explosion and fire hazards. Even handling at low concentrations calls for gloves, goggles, and unceasing vigilance, because slight temperature elevations or contamination can trigger runaway decomposition. Forgetting or dismissing these qualities has led to more than one regrettable workshop incident.
Reading a technical label for methylcyclohexanone peroxide often reveals more about risk management philosophy than just rules. Product labels focus on active peroxide content and the percentage of diluent, since both tightly link to safe storage and performance. Temperature ranges—usually kept just above freezing, but always well below flashpoint—matter every bit as much as concentration limits. Any deviation from these specs doesn’t just mean poor chemical performance; it opens the door to degradation and dangerous byproducts. Labels highlight flammability, incompatibility with reducing agents or acids, and the ever-important need for vented storage. Over time, the symbols and phrases have grown sterner, shaped by hard-won lessons from past accidents. The commitment to accuracy in technical labeling stands as a frontline defense, guiding everyone from factory floor operators to academic researchers.
Building methylcyclohexanone peroxide starts with methylcyclohexanone and a suitable oxidizing agent, most commonly hydrogen peroxide. Traditional preparation takes place under tightly controlled temperatures—often with an acid catalyst to prompt selective oxidation. Purity of starting materials and slow addition rates become more than fussy details; they stop unwanted exothermic surges or poorly controlled side reactions. Once peroxidation concludes, the raw product gets diluted—Type B solvents like phthalate esters or similar help tame its instability. Manufacturers, whether operating in small research facilities or large chemical plants, stress incremental change and tested protocols at every step. Even with modern monitoring gear, the risk hasn’t disappeared; process upsets still carry the threat of thermal runaway. Only seasoned chemists can claim comfort working hands-on, and even then, comfort never means taking shortcuts.
Introduce methylcyclohexanone peroxide into an unsaturated polyester resin mixture, and it cracks open the door to industrial plastics and composites. Its active oxygen readily breaks up to form two radicals that start polymer chains. Some chemists tweak the compound further by adding stabilizers or swapping out diluents, adjusting to the needs of specific projects. Occasionally, derivative peroxides spin off by trading out functional groups or linking the core molecule to different hydrocarbon bases, aimed at fine-tuning initiation rates or thermal stability. Tracing the course of peroxide-initiated reactions reveals fast chain growth and often loud, exothermic heat—both prized and feared. As a research tool, methylcyclohexanone peroxide has sparked studies into free radical chemistry, laying the groundwork for a better understanding of organic reaction mechanisms.
Ask around in the polymer industry, and methylcyclohexanone peroxide comes dressed in many names. Researchers and suppliers use chemical synonyms rooted in systematic nomenclature, while manufacturers and safety professionals might toss around trade aliases designed to hint at specific concentrations or blend characteristics. The names sometimes trip up newcomers, especially when international naming standards shift from one market to another. While this confuses, it also reflects how the same core chemical steps into differing roles and settings—each name carrying implicit context about use, purity, or even hazard classification. Staying vigilant with chemical inventories and supplier data sheets prevents most mix-ups; old-timers in the business usually keep an internal map of synonym networks to avoid costly errors.
Few substances teach hard lessons in safety quicker than organic peroxides like methylcyclohexanone peroxide. The standards for handling, storing, and transporting go beyond rulebooks—they save lives. Best practice starts with temperature: cold, insulated storage keeps the peroxide stable, and even slight deviations raise concern. Physical shocks—drops, bumps, even long storage in a vibrating facility—bring unacceptable risk. Good ventilation, chemical-resistant gloves, and spill trays fill out the daily checklist. Staff undergo repeated training, since complacency or unfamiliarity has left a trail of past accidents in labs and factories worldwide. Emergency plans, including well-marked eyewash stations and fire suppression equipment rated for chemical fires, come built into every working space. Regulatory bodies like OSHA, REACH, and local fire codes regularly update requirements as new incidents or studies surface. Rigorous adherence to operational standards not only limits disaster; it allows productive chemistry to keep developing.
Industry counts on methylcyclohexanone peroxide in areas that need reliable, fast-acting sources of radicals. Polyester resins, fiberglass-reinforced composites, and specialty coatings depend on its ability to turn liquid monomers into tough, durable plastics. Boat hulls, automotive parts, and even some construction materials trace their strength back to the careful, measured addition of peroxide catalyst. In research, this chemical helps unravel details about polymerization, crosslinking, and the behavior of other organic compounds under radical conditions. Though less often, certain pharma and materials science fields explore modified peroxides for custom synthesis projects. Every application faces the same equation: enough activity to get the job done, tempered by limits to keep everyone safe. Switching up formulation or adding extra inhibitors has opened up new uses, but the core demand for stable, predictable radical generation remains constant.
Looking toward the horizon, research on methylcyclohexanone peroxide keeps finding ways to work smarter, not just harder. Scientists focus on creating blends that hold reactivity without the historical baggage of high hazard. Experiments center on alternative diluents, microencapsulation, or slow-release formulations, allowing for similar radical initiation but greater margin for error against heat or shock. Others investigate green chemistry routes that swap conventional precursors for bio-based feedstocks, aiming for sustainability along with safety. Bench-scale testing dives into the nitty-gritty of decomposition pathways, helping design better monitoring and control tools for industrial processes. Collaboration with regulatory bodies helps tighten specifications and update acceptable use guidelines, giving everyone—from factory workers to end-product users—stronger confidence in the chemical supply chain. The trend toward digital process monitoring allows for faster detection of off-spec conditions, an encouraging shift in risk-averse sectors.
Anyone serious about working with methylcyclohexanone peroxide pays attention to its toxicology profile. Studies paint a picture that’s neither benign nor catastrophic, but definitely demands care. At elevated concentrations, skin and eye exposure can cause burns, irritation, or worse, underscoring the call for personal protective equipment. Inhalation risks mean well-sealed containers and constant air monitoring in plant environments. Prolonged or repeated exposure hasn’t been deeply explored over the long term, but early studies raise cautions about possible effects on organ systems—especially with chronic low-level contact. Environmental fate also stirs concern, particularly given the reactivity of any peroxide that escapes careful containment. Most waste streams require neutralizing treatments before disposal, making sure that neither natural water systems nor landfill operators encounter raw peroxide. Industry and academic researchers alike take these health and safety questions seriously, with new studies aiming to close gaps and refine protective guidelines.
Sitting at the crossroads of utility and hazard, methylcyclohexanone peroxide finds its future shaped by both chemistry and common sense. Industry keeps looking for initiators with just as much punch but far less risk, inspired by persistent safety demands and ongoing environmental shifts. Next-generation formulations promise to inch closer to these goals, and some even aim to enable automation and remote process control—removing people from risky proximity. Regulatory changes shape direction; new restrictions or reporting requirements force the hands of suppliers and users alike. Despite those pressures, demand holds steady as long as high-performance composites and specialty polymers remain key to automotive, aerospace, and construction innovation. Deeper understanding of chemical reaction mechanisms may one day unlock safer alternatives, but until then, methylcyclohexanone peroxide stands as a classic example of chemistry’s double-edge: helpful, hazardous, and never allowed to rest in careless hands.
Methylcyclohexanone peroxide (content ≤ 67%, type B diluent ≤ 33%) clearly plays a role that goes beyond the unexciting labels on its drums. This organic peroxide acts as a powerful initiator for polymerization, the process that turns simple chemicals into the plastics and resins we rely on every day. I grew up near a fiberglass boat shop, and the workers always watched their catalyst mixes closely. They understood the responsibility that comes with handling strong chemistry, and methylcyclohexanone peroxide is no exception—it deserves respect.
In the world of composites, this peroxide gets used to kick off the curing of unsaturated polyester resins. These same resins form the skeleton of boats, bathtubs, auto body panels, and storage tanks. Without a hardening agent like this one, you might end up with a product that’s just as runny as the first time you mixed it. The process relies on a controlled chemical reaction. Add too little and curing drags out, leaving sticky surfaces and uneven strength; add too much and heat builds up, risking cracks or even a fire. This reminds me of the time a local shop mixed a batch on a hot day—the resin flashed, and the mess stuck around longer than the smell. Proper use isn’t just a matter of following a recipe; it’s about understanding your materials and paying attention to the environment.
Regulators care about methylcyclohexanone peroxide for the same reasons users do. The peroxide poses fire and explosion risks if not treated with care. It’s easy to think that chemicals in blends or with diluents pack less of a punch, but accidents don’t read warning labels. That’s why manufacturers and safety officers invest in training and personal protective equipment, not just because regulations demand it, but because lives and businesses are at stake. Fires from organic peroxides used to make the news more often. Now, more companies work with automatic sprinklers, temperature-controlled storage, and emergency plans. Careful record-keeping and staff awareness pay off, and insurance adjusters notice when facilities follow up on training and maintenance. Over the years, I’ve witnessed shops tighten their procedures after even a small scare, knowing that the cost of complacency can mean years of rebuilding.
On the economic side, this peroxide gives manufacturers the confidence to produce long, durable runs of industrial goods. The resin and composites made possible by this catalyst don’t just serve luxury—think waterpipes, wind turbine blades, and construction panels. Reliable curing speeds up projects and saves money on rework or disposal of improperly set material. Yet, as sustainability gains ground, companies keep asking tough questions about waste and worker health. Some now use enclosed mixing systems, air scrubbers, or look for catalysts with fewer health or hazardous waste issues. Over the last decade, some research teams shifted focus to alternatives with lower environmental footprints. This push often comes from within the workforce just as strongly as from external regulators or buyers.
Clear labeling and staff accountability do more than fill out safety checklists. Regular inspections and refresher trainings build a culture that looks out for fresh eyes and old hands alike. Smaller shops sometimes lag behind, but industry associations now share resources, and suppliers offer on-site demos and advice. In the end, the best protection comes from people who look out for each other, know their materials, and stay open to new ways of working safer and cleaner. That’s how industry manages the risks while keeping methylcyclohexanone peroxide a tool for building quality goods that last.
Grabbing a product off the shelf rarely includes the thought of what it could do if misused. Yet, with chemical cleaners, industrial solvents, or anything with hazard labels, a moment of carelessness can spark headaches nobody wants. I remember watching an old coworker get a painful chemical burn just from skipping gloves. That scene stuck with me. Every label warning is there for a reason, most written in blood and pain from those who got it wrong.
Bare hands have no business in contact with some substances, no matter how tough your skin. Gloves—nitrile for solvents, latex for mild stuff—block most spills that would otherwise cause skin irritation or worse. I’ve seen folks grab safety glasses only after they splash a chemical in their eyes. Vision is too precious to risk, so wearing goggles every time you pour or mix protects you from surprise splashes. Lab coats or work aprons can save your clothes and your skin. Shoes ought to fully cover your feet; sandals belong back at home.
Fumes drift easily using some products, so a stuffy room only turns danger up a notch. Keeping windows open or using a fan pointed outward pulls fumes away before they gather. I once worked in a shop with no ventilation, and even mild paint thinners left us dizzy by lunchtime. Taking air quality seriously keeps headaches and long-term harm far from your door.
Most folks see a label as the last step, but reading the product’s instructions gives you a full rundown of do’s and don’ts. See a fire symbol? Store it away from heat sources, open flames, and sunlight. The skull and crossbones means stay sharp—avoid breathing it, eating near it, or letting it reach kids or pets. Mixing different products often leads to toxic fumes or fires, something I learned fast cleaning a stubborn stain once. Following instructions is often the difference between a quick clean-up and a call to emergency services.
The spot you pick for storage matters. Most garage shelves or kitchen cabinets put dangerous items way too close to curious hands. Locking chemicals away on a high shelf, inside a cabinet with a child safety latch, or in a locked shed keeps accidents from happening. No product belongs in food containers—unmarked jars or bottles lead to confusion and tragic mistakes. Keeping products in their original packages avoids this risk altogether.
No one plans on spills, but having paper towels, baking soda, and a working sink close by helps control small messes before they become disasters. Knowing right away what to do with a chemical in your eye or on your skin saves time and health. Emergency numbers by the phone and a printed instruction sheet on the wall put help within arm’s reach, even in a panic.
Over the years, stories from folks who learned safety the hard way taught me that careful steps never waste time. A few minutes grabbing the right gear, reading the label, and staying alert pays off with safe hands, clear eyes, and peace of mind for everyone around. Rushing almost always costs more in the long run. These habits can be the difference between a routine chore and a story nobody wants to tell.
Anyone who’s worked in a lab or chemical storage knows that safety with peroxides isn’t negotiable. Methylcyclohexanone peroxide, like many organic peroxides, brings both usefulness and risk. One lesson experience teaches quickly: taking shortcuts or ignoring small details can snowball into real trouble. Unexpected heat, contamination, or bumps in storage conditions can mean instability—and, in worst cases, accidents.
Storing this chemical at the right temperature becomes non-negotiable. It thrives best below 30°C. Temperatures creep above that, and the risk for dangerous decomposition jumps. Even brief exposure to heat can tip the scales toward instability. On more than one occasion, stable indoor temperatures have meant the difference between routine handling and an emergency.
Nobody’s immune to power outages in summer or heaters running overtime in winter. It takes regular checks—actual thermometer readings, not just trust in building AC. Records help spot sneaky trends and fix issues before a crisis. Cold rooms or special storage cabinets make sense for bigger supplies. Over the years, I've seen too many incidents traced back to someone “guessing” the room was cool enough.
Peroxide contaminants are nightmares waiting to happen. Dust, metals, acids, bases, even small traces, can set off decomposition. If the chemical shares a room with incompatible substances, you’re gambling with luck. Containers with tight, chemical-resistant lids solve half the battle. Labeling every container and keeping a strict separation policy knock out most remaining risk.
I remember repackaging a sample once, only to find a few metal flakes on the worktop. Accidents like that put everything on edge. A dedicated, clean workspace matters more than it may seem, especially on long nights or busy days.
Sturdy, original containers make a difference. Manufacturers often choose packaging designed to allow gas pressure to escape, so switching out containers needs a real reason. Clear labels with hazard markings pay for themselves; emergencies aren’t times to guess contents.
Overfills bring their own problems. Too much product eliminates the air buffer, increasing pressure and spilling potential. That old habit—leaving some room at the top—shows its value here.
Flammability isn’t theoretical. It’s as basic as storing away from heating vents, direct sunlight, and ignition sources. Sprinklered rooms and easy access to extinguishers shape a safe environment. Open flames or sparking equipment stay far from where the chemical lives.
In my experience, simple moves add up: a fire extinguisher on every wall, a regular walk-through for clutter, and locked storage for hazardous chemicals.
No safety manual replaces real understanding. People who handle the material need more than a checklist; they need to know the “why” behind each rule. Training people to recognize early warning signs—strange odors, lumps in the liquid, bulging containers—means fewer surprises. Emergency plans hung on the wall help new and old staff alike.
Buying only what gets used in the near future also shrinks risk. More isn’t better. Regular audits, fresh eyes on the storage area, and never ignoring red flags create a culture of safety. The more routine safety becomes, the less people rely on luck to avoid disaster.
Neglecting old stock builds up problems. Chemicals that pass their expiration or show any instability need professional disposal, not wishful thinking. A phone call to a licensed disposal service beats waiting until a problem escalates.
Safe, stable storage of methylcyclohexanone peroxide comes down to following good habits every day, not just in theory but in real-life lab routines. It’s always worth the extra step.
Spills have a way of throwing even the best-prepared workplace into chaos. I’ve seen seasoned staff freeze in the moment, desperately scanning the room for the safety data sheet—hoping to remember the right order of response. Panic comes naturally, especially with hazardous substances. The clock starts ticking the second something hits the floor. Many facilities post big colorful charts with emergency steps, but few people actually pause to read these until something goes wrong.
Stop and think before diving into a mess with your bare hands, or tossing down paper towels to mop up unknown chemicals. Your health, and the safety of others nearby, are on the line. I’ve heard countless stories of coworkers reaching for whatever cleaner stood closest, which often spread the hazard or triggered toxic reactions. It only takes one untrained action to turn a minor leak into a major emergency.
Centers for Disease Control and OSHA say the very first move always involves protecting people. That means clearing the area—no questions, no waiting. Get everyone not equipped with protective gear out of harm’s way. If you breathe in dangerous vapors or touch a corrosive, your own well-being can unravel within seconds. Ventilation matters. Shut doors behind you, and if fumes start building, open windows or start exhaust fans—if it’s safe. Do not rush back in.
Spill containment often decides how bad the fallout becomes. Grab spill kits, which should stay within eyesight in every area where chemicals live. Absorbent pads, neutralizers, and containment socks stop liquid from spreading into drains or under machinery. Every spillage I witnessed that stayed minor had one thing in common: someone acted quickly, using the right supplies for that very substance.
Different chemicals need different responses. I saw ammonia handled with water once—bad mistake. Certain acids release gas if sprayed with water. Here, the training and the clear labels on spill kits make all the difference. If labels are missing, stop. Bring in someone who knows the next move for sure.
If you get splashed, safety showers and eyewash stations become your best friends. I once had bleach mist flick up into my eye—a twenty-second delay would have cost my vision. The standard advice is to rinse for at least fifteen minutes. Those precious minutes save eyes and skin from lasting damage.
Change out of any affected clothing as fast as possible. Contact with corrosive chemicals can harm through fabric. Make sure contaminated gear goes into a sealable bag, away from everyone else.
No incident ends with the cleanup. Report every exposure and spill, no matter how embarrassing the mistake. Medical evaluation isn’t just for show—some symptoms show up later. I learned that mild irritation doesn’t always stay mild. The long-term risks of chemical exposure can hide under the radar at first.
Everyone talks about learning from mistakes, but real safety comes from digging into why the spill happened at all. Ask hard questions: Was training up to date? Were supplies in easy reach? Did panic spread faster than information? Fix broken links in the chain, or the next accident comes back scarier.
Moving chemical products isn’t like hauling bags of flour or crates of apples. Whether it’s paint thinner, industrial acids, or cleaning solvents, carelessness could hurt drivers, warehouse workers, or anyone else in the supply chain. I once saw what can happen when someone underestimated a “simple” solvent—leaks, choking fumes, panic, and a scramble for the emergency showers. That’s not an experience folks forget quickly. So, strict regulations have a real place in keeping people and the environment safe.
Nobody can decide how to ship a chemical safely without knowing exactly what’s in the drum or tank. Hazard class drives everything. Under the United Nations system, chemicals get sorted into classes for flammability, toxicity, reactivity, or potential to corrode. For example, hydrochloric acid rides in containers that resist corrosion, while ammonia heads out in pressurized tanks that stop leaks and keep vapors contained. Mishandling classification often lands companies in trouble. Fines stack up fast if something’s incorrectly labeled or plugged into the wrong category.
Trucking, rail, sea, or air—each mode brings its own set of challenges. Over the road, the Department of Transportation (DOT) keeps close watch, armed with the Hazardous Materials Regulations. From my time in logistics, DOT roadside checks always made drivers uneasy. Labels, placards, shipping papers, and seals all had to line up. Skipping a step meant unloading the trailer on the side of the highway, sometimes while cops and firefighters waited.
Freight by rail calls for extra care, especially with bulk tankers rolling through towns or cities. Even the rail yards train their crews to handle spills or leaks. Ocean shipping turns the page to the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code. Those bright containers stacked at ports aren’t just steel boxes—they hold all sorts of chemical risks. Container ships won’t even accept a cargo list missing a key identification number or hazard label.
By air, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) sets the standards. Airlines play it extra safe and kick anything questionable off the manifest. If a chemical reacts under lower air pressure or has a chance to leak, airlines won’t touch it without proper containment and paperwork.
Miscommunication often leads to disasters. Clear paperwork, including the Safety Data Sheet, gives everyone along the route the chance to respond fast in an emergency. Trucks carry emergency guidebooks in the cab, and warehouse crews train regularly. Even a seasoned driver learns something new every year. Once, a missing MSDS for a concentrated cleaner stopped a shipment for a whole week—nobody wanted to budge until every detail lined up.
Safer packaging stands out right away. Tougher drums and leak-proof containers save lives and keep chemicals where they belong. Training also shifts behavior—drivers, handlers, and warehouse workers stick to what they learn in class, and companies that skimp on this see higher accident rates. Embracing digital systems might help track shipments better and catch errors faster. Cooperation with local fire and emergency crews also counts—a well-prepared response can turn a potential disaster into a minor scare.
Regulation isn’t a red tape maze—it’s a map for safer roads, rails, and skies. For anyone moving chemicals, playing by the rules keeps both people and their communities out of harm’s way.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 1-Methoxy-1-methylcyclohexan-1-ol |
| Pronunciation | /ˌmɛθ.ɪlˌsaɪ.kləʊˈhɛk.sə.nəʊn pəˈrɒk.saɪd/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 1338-23-4 |
| Beilstein Reference | 636053 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:88461 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL72520 |
| ChemSpider | 21596487 |
| DrugBank | DB14145 |
| ECHA InfoCard | ECHA InfoCard: 100.236.866 |
| EC Number | 201-579-4 |
| Gmelin Reference | 1239721 |
| KEGG | C02141 |
| MeSH | D008762 |
| PubChem CID | 16138277 |
| RTECS number | SE6475000 |
| UNII | XUJ9O60E9A |
| UN number | UN3109 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C7H14O3 |
| Molar mass | molar mass: 158.21 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid |
| Odor | Sharp, pungent |
| Density | 1.080 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | insoluble |
| log P | 0.6 |
| Vapor pressure | <1 mmHg (20°C) |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -0.73E-6 cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.463 |
| Viscosity | 2.0 mPa·s |
| Dipole moment | 2.93 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -4076 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | D01AE24 |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS05, GHS07, GHS08, GHS09 |
| Pictograms | GHS02,GHS05,GHS06,GHS08 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | H226, H242, H302, H314, H332, H335, H341, H351, H400 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P220, P234, P234, P280, P234, P234, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P411+P235, P420, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 3-4-2-W |
| Flash point | No flash point |
| Autoignition temperature | 254°C (489°F) |
| Explosive limits | Lower: 4.3% Upper: 14% |
| Lethal dose or concentration | Lethal dose or concentration: LD50 Oral (rat): 373 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | > 1 000 mg/kg (rat) |
| NIOSH | DDC |
| PEL (Permissible) | Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 1 ppm (6 mg/m³) |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | IDLH: 1 ppm |
