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Imidacloprid changed the pesticide world after its introduction in the early 1990s. Back then, farmers faced massive losses from sap-sucking pests that older chemistry couldn’t handle well. Chemists in Germany crafted a molecule modeled on nicotine’s effect on insects, but with a much safer profile for mammals. This step shifted pesticide design away from broad-spectrum, highly toxic products to selective approaches that worked better and posed less risk to farm workers and food safety. Registrations shot up fast, with public institutions and industry flooding the market with imidacloprid’s promise. Farmers chasing higher yields leaned into this innovation as short-lived pest blooms started to buckle. Over the past decades, few active ingredients have shaped modern agriculture more than imidacloprid.
Imidacloprid 97% in pesticide grade stands as a powerhouse for controlling aphids, whiteflies, and other troublemakers on crops like cotton, rice, vegetables, and fruit trees. The material’s high purity keeps dosing tight and performance consistent. Formulators use imidacloprid because it still delivers robust knockdown at very low parts per million, often outperforming earlier organophosphate options with lower risks to humans. Operators appreciate that it comes as a flowable powder or easy-to-handle granules. In my own experience on fields in Southeast Asia, farmers gravitated toward imidacloprid because it let them rotate pesticides less often and deal with unpredictable weather, such as heavy monsoons that take less-persistent products off leaves too fast.
Imidacloprid comes as an off-white to light beige crystalline powder with a faint odor. It dissolves well in solvents like dimethyl sulfoxide, stays stable under normal storage, and doesn’t break down quickly under sunlight. Users count on its water solubility—about 0.61 g/L at room temperature—for ease of mixing. Structurally, the molecule has a chloropyridinyl group plus a nitroguanidine side chain, which allows it to latch strongly onto insect nervous systems. It doesn’t vaporize much, so drift onto neighboring crops or into water sources tends to be low compared with some older alternatives. In practice, this means operators can apply the chemical at planting or through drip lines, avoiding field-wide sprays that raise safety concerns.
The leading technical imidacloprid products offer a purity above 97% with tight specifications for moisture, melting point, and byproduct residues. Labels include lot numbers and expiration dates so handlers can trace problems back to sources—a big step for the industry toward meeting both regulatory and end-user demands. Directions on dosing, safety gear, and storage jump out in bold type. Governments push companies to translate these labels into local languages and use recognized pictograms after years of confusion and misuse with older chemical classes. Out in the field, literacy varies, so pictorial labels and hands-on demonstrations from extension officers made the difference between proper use and dangerous mistakes.
Industrial-scale production starts with a reaction between chloronicotinyl chloride and imidazolidinone derivatives, followed by several purification steps. Yields go up when operators keep temperatures steady, solvents pure, and reactors under proper pressure. Waste handling causes headaches—anyone who has worked in a plant knows the headaches that come with chlorinated organics and nitro compounds, so modern plants run elaborate scrubbers and liquid treatment facilities. Batch records remain critical for tracking quality and avoiding bad lots that could pose hazards in shipment or use. Countries with weaker pollution enforcement often bear the brunt of chemical runoff and air releases from these reactors. This process rests on skilled labor, solid engineering controls, and real investment in environmental compliance.
Imidacloprid resists breakdown under many field conditions, but chemists keep tinkering with its structure to suit new pest threats or slower-release formulations. Attaching various groups to the pyridinyl or nitroguanidine parts changes its solubility, systemic movement, and degradation. Some modifications help the ingredient stick to leaves longer during rain, while others speed breakdown in soil to protect non-target organisms. Researchers in labs across Asia and Europe have selected different salt forms or encapsulated versions to control leaching or drift. A lot of learning came the hard way—poorly modified imidacloprid built up in soil or water in some early trials, putting pressure on producers to test and reformulate.
Imidacloprid appears under dozens of common names worldwide—Confidor, Admire, Gaucho, and Merit, to list a few. Local seed and crop protection companies use these global names but sometimes apply their own branding, which complicates both regulation and safe use. Farmers swap stories about which “version” works, though the active ingredient stays the same. The confusion only grows as counterfeiters slip into the market, selling low-grade or fake imidacloprid that fails field tests and threatens farmer trust in new technology. This underscores the need for tougher oversight and better traceability as global use keeps expanding.
Experience teaches harsh lessons here. Imidacloprid falls into WHO toxicity Class II (moderately hazardous) but poses far less danger than organophosphates in case of acute exposure. Still, field staff must wear gloves, masks, and protective suits to avoid eye or skin exposure and prevent inhaling the dust. National laws require buffer zones near water and enforce regulations on maximum residue levels in food. Most companies now train field officers and extension workers in local languages, so users know what to do if there’s a spill or accidental contact. Cases of improper application still surface, especially where farm workers get no training or where labels go unread. Enforcement matters as much as science in this case.
Farmers use imidacloprid to combat a long roster of pests in cereals, fruits, potatoes, ornamentals, turf, and even forestry. Systemic activity means the chemical moves from roots to leaves, wiping out aphids, whiteflies, planthoppers, and beetles without frequent reapplication. Sugarcane in Brazil, sorghum in India, and citrus in California all rely on this product to keep yields predictable. Where traditional spraying had little effect and broad-spectrum pesticides harmed beneficial insects, imidacloprid brought new hope. Unfortunately, overuse builds up resistance. In my own visits to vegetable farms, I’ve seen fields once clean now covered in sticky honeydew and webbing, all from populations that shrugged off routine sprays. Integrated pest management practices extend its usefulness, but the temptation for heavy-handed use never fully goes away.
Across university labs and industry centers, scientists keep testing imidacloprid against emerging pests, low-dose mixtures, and impacts on beneficial insects. Recent studies rely on high-powered chromatography and mass spectrometry to track residues in crops, soil, and drinking water. Research dives into alternatives, like nano-enabled formulations meant to reduce overall use while hitting tough targets. Collaborative projects between corporations and public agencies now focus on resistance management by alternating active ingredients across growing seasons. This industry response came after waves of concern about honeybee and pollinator losses, leading to a worldwide push for data transparency and safer use guidelines.
The science says imidacloprid can harm pollinators when misused—lab exposures at high doses reduce bee survival and learning. In real-world settings, large-scale residue monitoring finds traces can build up in pollen and nectar, especially after repeated use. Regulatory reviews in the U.S. and Europe cut back on how and where the chemical can get applied, especially on flowering crops. Eco-toxicologists draw lines showing risk to aquatic life too, especially freshwater invertebrates where runoff leads to contamination. Companies respond by expanding buffer zones and investing in precision placement products. The real fix depends not just on technology but also on daily choices by operators and farm policy leaders.
Imidacloprid stands at a crossroads. Food demand grows, climate shocks worsen pest outbreaks, and pressure on farm incomes makes cost-effective solutions more important than ever. But there’s no avoiding the mounting evidence of resistance, environmental impact, and global bans in pollinator-sensitive regions. Farmers and agronomists look for smarter application methods—seed treatments, soil injections, targeted drip irrigation—all built around monitoring and adaptation. Industry R&D explores next-generation chemistries and biocontrol options, pushing to use knowledge gained from decades with imidacloprid as a guide. Regulators, industry, and end-users must keep communicating so that the lessons of the past inform urgent choices in the fields of tomorrow. The stakes feel personal to anyone who has watched healthy crops turn barren or lost a harvest to unchecked infestations, but also to neighbors who count on clean water and healthy wildlife.
Imidacloprid stands out as a neonicotinoid insecticide, a synthetic compound modeled after nicotine. Over my years following agricultural trends, I’ve watched its quick rise in the pesticide world. Farmers often talk about the need to tackle pests that threaten wheat, cotton, rice, potatoes, and fruit groves. With yields on the line and insects like aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers growing resistant to older products, Imidacloprid found a place at the center of many pest control regimes.
At a purity of 97%, manufacturers supply this chemical in a concentrated form. Farmers or agrochemical companies combine it with other ingredients before it reaches fields or orchards. Once applied, Imidacloprid targets the nervous system of insects, causing paralysis quickly without needing frequent reapplication. From an economic standpoint, this means fewer sprays and reduced costs, a big reason for its popularity in regions where labor and chemical overhead matter.
Modern agriculture faces some hard truths. Crop losses from pests can wipe out months of effort and investment in a matter of days. Imidacloprid’s use cuts down those risks, letting growers deliver reliable quantities of food and fiber. Reports show reductions in damage to staple crops by up to 90% in some treated fields. That’s not a small feat, especially in places where every bushel counts for a family’s income.
Thanks to its versatility, Imidacloprid has found a place in seed treatments, soil drenches, and foliar sprays. In seed coatings, it shields young plants during their delicate first weeks. Applied to the ground, it spreads into roots and shoots, protecting the plant from within. This systemic behavior brings peace of mind against pests that are tough to spot or reach some days.
Still, conversations in farm communities and environmental circles raise tough questions about chemical overuse. After reading multiple studies and talking to growers, I know people worry about the effect on pollinators—especially honey bees. Scientists have tied neonicotinoid residues in pollen and nectar to weakened colonies and dwindling bee numbers. The loss of bees threatens more than just honey; it upends fruit, nut, and vegetable production across continents. In response, some countries have placed partial or full bans on Imidacloprid's use in open fields, asking for safer approaches.
The demand for responsible use guides new policies. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies blend chemical, biological, and cultural methods to tackle pests. Several agricultural extension agents recommend using pesticides only as a last resort, rotating with compounds from other classes, and targeting sprays to affected areas instead of blanketing whole fields. Farmers who shift to these practices say they now watch for natural pest enemies and support plant diversity, aiming for both healthy crops and habitat for helpful insects.
GPS-guided sprayers, farm record-keeping apps, and third-party audits encourage responsible use of Imidacloprid. Chemical residue limits and pre-harvest intervals keep consumers and export markets confident in food safety. Open discussion between scientists, farmers, and the public helps everyone understand risks and rewards. Serving on a local farm board, I’ve seen firsthand how shared data and honest feedback strengthen decision-making, helping communities trust both food and the folks who grow it.
Imidacloprid 97% packs a serious punch, and not just against pests. As a neonicotinoid, it disrupts insect nervous systems with low doses. That’s great if you’re protecting crops, but risky if you don’t take safety and proper technique seriously. Overdoing it or using it carelessly can put pollinators like bees at risk and even impact people nearby. Applying crop chemicals always brings responsibility, and with a concentrated product like this, it’s not a job to rush or take lightly.
High-strength imidacloprid often comes as a water-dispersible powder or crystalline solid. You don’t sprinkle it straight from the container. My experience says you start by reading the product’s label—every word. Mixing instructions matter; so does protection. You’ll want gloves, goggles, and a serious respect for what goes into the tank. For field crops, a typical protocol comes down to careful measuring, pre-mixing in a small batch with water, then diluting to the right volume for your equipment.
A measuring scoop or scale helps get the dose right. Too much, and you risk residue or resistance; too little, and pests rebound. Once mixed, make sure you agitate your sprayer’s tank, so you don’t leave active ingredient sitting at the bottom. Solid bits clog nozzles and throw off your distribution. Usually, farmers use boom sprayers or backpack rigs for fieldwork, and soil drenches for targeted tree and shrub treatment. Each application follows its own pace, but what all of them demand is steady, thorough coverage of the intended area.
My experience with imidacloprid traces back to farm fields and greenhouse benches. If you walk your rows instead of spraying from a distance, it’s impossible to ignore the life between your boots—the bees, beetles, and beneficials that control pests on their own. So timing means more than just catching the pest at the right moment. Spraying at dusk or early morning gives bees a break, and avoiding bloom periods saves pollinators. The Environmental Protection Agency and universities like Purdue cite drift and runoff as big reasons for local water contamination. Keeping chemicals on target and off surface water takes real attention. I’ve learned to watch weather—wind and rain can waste hard work and send pesticides where they don’t belong.
Risk doesn’t always mean catastrophe, but serious habits make a difference. Triple-rinsing your equipment keeps harm down between crop cycles. Keeping pesticides secure and away from kids or pets closes out the day with fewer worries.
I know a lot of growers who worry about resistance, not just the bugs but the weeds too. Rotating products, keeping spray intervals accurate, and combining cultural practices (like crop rotation and companion planting) help keep chemicals from losing their punch. Scouting fields before and after treatment avoids unnecessary sprays. It’s noisy, dusty work, but it beats relying on paperwork alone to track field health.
Imidacloprid has its place in toolkits across many farms and landscapes, but being trusted with a powerful pesticide calls for more than just following the label. If we learn from each season, talk with local extension agents, and pay attention to both the science and stories from our neighbors, we’ll find something that works better—for crops, for pollinators, and for the next person who picks up the sprayer.
Imidacloprid has popped up all over the place, hiding out in flea treatments, lawn sprays, even some home gardening products. With a purity level clocking in at 97%, this neonicotinoid insecticide boasts real efficiency when it comes to getting rid of pests. People use it for controlling insects that threaten plants, pets, or indoor spaces. While the solution works wonders for eliminating pesky bugs, the story doesn't end there. The question of safety—especially for the families, pets, and kids sharing these spaces—always follows.
I looked at data from the European Food Safety Authority, the US Environmental Protection Agency, and reputable toxicology reviews. Imidacloprid doesn’t dramatically vaporize or stick around in the air, so people and pets typically run into it by direct contact or by eating or drinking something contaminated. Skin doesn't easily absorb this chemical, though residue can hang out on hands, fur, or clothing. Most reported illnesses have turned up in those who handled large, agricultural concentrations without enough protection.
Symptoms in reported cases include eye or skin irritation, dizziness, headache, sluggish behavior, even nausea. Some pets, especially smaller animals, can react with tremors, vomiting, weakness, or disorientation. Researchers in Germany and Japan found higher exposure can lead to nervous system problems, though this mostly shows up after accidental or chronic, repeated contact.
Most products intended for consumer use come at concentrations much lower than technical-grade—usually 0.5% or less. Imidacloprid at 97% purity isn't meant for homeowners or pet owners. It gets diluted before reaching store shelves. Labels on pesticides spell out mixing rates, safe handling, and the need for gloves and eye protection for a reason.
Agencies—US EPA, Health Canada, European Food Safety Authority—determine safe levels based on their animal and human studies. They keep safety margins wide, limiting the legal residues allowed on vegetables and pet products.
Imidacloprid lingers in soil and water for months. Birds, bees, and even earthworms face higher risk than humans or pets exposed to a diluted product once in a while. Chronic runoff into streams can threaten aquatic life, and honeybee losses have grabbed headlines since the 2010s. For pets and people, the real risk shows up with misuse. Pets chewing on flea collars or licking paws after heavy yard treatments rack up exposure fast.
I always make sure gloves are worn and products are mixed outdoors. Hands get scrubbed before meals or petting cats and dogs. Sprays go on target spots, not on pet bedding, bowls, or toys. The grownups I know block off treated areas until the ground is dry.
Switching to alternatives—like mechanical traps, targeted spot treatments, or organic pesticides—cuts down risk even further. Asking vets about suitable flea treatments and checking product concentration helps keep dogs and cats safer. In my own circle, pet owners contact veterinarians first before using flea and tick spot-ons, so animals get the right dose for their weight and species. Making these remedies safer comes not only from labels and labs, but from old-fashioned common sense.
Sharing real experience, relying on advice from trusted medical or veterinary professionals, and staying up-to-date on new research turns pesticide safety from a guess into a process. Whether tending a garden, treating pets, or hiring pest control, knowing what's in the bottle—and how to use it—makes all the difference for families and furry friends.
Imidacloprid 97% comes up a lot in agriculture circles, especially when talk turns to stubborn pests. You learn pretty fast that pests aren't choosy, so growers working with a huge variety of crops look for solutions that get results. I’ve watched growers put faith in imidacloprid across everything from row crops to orchard blocks, stretching from dusty vegetable fields to leafy citrus groves.
This insecticide started making waves after its introduction because it attacks harmful bugs’ nervous systems. By knocking out sap-sucking insects like aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, whiteflies, and root-feeding grubs, it protects the tenderest new shoots and roots. Farmers favor products with 97% concentration because they can tune their application exactly to fight the pests they see, in the spots they know need the most care.
Corn and wheat growers mix in imidacloprid at the seed stage or as a soil drench, trying to get ahead of rootworms, wireworms, and aphids before those pests have a chance to cut down yield. You’ll hear sugar beet farmers talk about beet leafhopper damage almost every year, so they rely on seed treatments for early defense. Out on leafy green beds—lettuce, spinach, chard—growers attack aphids and leaf-miners to keep leaves market-ready.
Vegetable growers often face multiple battles in one field: eggplant, peppers, tomatoes, and potatoes bring their own sets of bug problems, from Colorado potato beetle to whiteflies. Imidacloprid works by protecting roots and lower stems, giving a sturdy base for strong growth. You see the same approach among cucumber, squash, and melon producers, who watch closely early in the season.
Rice farmers chase planthoppers and leafhoppers, sometimes adding imidacloprid to irrigation water so the roots take it up. In fruit country, apple and pear producers use it for aphids and leafminers—pests that target tender young fruit and new leaves. Citrus growers talk about Asian citrus psyllid, the bug that spreads citrus greening disease. They use soil drenches and sometimes trunk sprays to build a line of defense.
Outside the orchard, greenhouse operations rely heavily on imidacloprid for ornamental plants, bedding flowers, and nursery shrubs. Whitefly and thrips can destroy months of careful work overnight, costing growers their livelihood. I’ve spoken with greenhouse managers who count on measured applications to keep pests out without harming beneficial insects.
Big yields shouldn’t come with big costs for pollinators or soil health. Many research studies connect neonicotinoids, including imidacloprid, to declines in bee populations. Some countries restrict or ban its use on certain crops for this reason. In my career, I’ve watched growers turn to integrated pest management—using seed treatments sparingly, rotating chemicals, and building buffer strips where pollinators can thrive. Producers now rely more on scouting, resistant plant varieties, and safer chemistries where possible, especially in crops close to pollinator habitats.
Every farm and greenhouse operation faces a trade-off between pest pressure and the long-term impacts of treatment choices. It helps to pay attention to label directions, timing, crop stage, and the presence of beneficials in and around the field. If the goal is healthy plants, clean yields, and a future for bees and soil, then learning how and when to deploy imidacloprid—alongside other approaches—matters more than ever.
No single chemical or practice solves pest pressure alone. Experience in the field teaches that tools like imidacloprid 97% offer real help, provided growers factor in environmental risks and local needs. Talking to neighbors, keeping up with research, and watching both crops and wild pollinators brings a bigger view—and more resilient farms for the next generation.
Misusing crop protection chemicals leads to trouble for both farmers and the environment. Imidacloprid, especially its 97% technical grade, offers a powerful tool to control sucking pests across rice, wheat, cotton, fruits, and vegetables. This product works well but rewards attention to detail. Overapplication increases resistance in pests and brings health risks for farmworkers and consumers. Not using enough wastes money and leaves crops open to serious damage.
During my years working with vegetable producers, the most common misstep I saw was confusing a percentage concentration like 97% with the familiar ready-to-use emulsifiable concentrates. Producers sometimes measure Imidacloprid by the milliliter or tablespoon out of habit, not realizing high-purity versions require careful scaling and mixing before field use.
Field recommendations point to 20–30 grams of Imidacloprid 97% per hectare for most major crops. To reach this, growers first mix the required gram amount of technical product into a small volume of water and stir until fully dissolved. This base gets added into a spray tank containing 150–200 liters of water for each hectare of application. Dosage hinges on the target pest, crop type, and local regulations, so custom adjustments can be necessary.
For soil applications, the dose drops significantly. Prepared formulations often call for 3–6 grams per hectare delivered through drip irrigation or soil drench. Because the technical-grade powder doesn’t blend directly into irrigation lines, farmers need to make a premix—first dissolving in a bucket of water, then filtering to prevent clogging.
Imidacloprid belongs to the neonicotinoid family. Over the past decade, widespread and uncalibrated use sticks out as a core driver of pollinator decline, especially for honey bees. Studies in the Journal of Applied Ecology and Pest Management Science confirm that residues remaining on leaves and flowers can disorient pollinators. I’ve met more than a few beekeepers whose hives shrank after nearby farms sprayed without checking wind speed or time of day. Local agricultural extension offices and responsible farmers now emphasize early morning or late evening spraying when pollinators are less active.
Personal protection during mixing and spraying never gets enough attention. Repeated stories of farm hands with rashes or headaches after home-brewing their own Imidacloprid mixes drove one regional group to launch safety training. Gloves, masks, and keeping children out of spray zones go a long way to reduce risks.
Resistance management starts with rotating chemical groups and including non-chemical practices. Plenty of pest populations adapt fast to continued exposure, leading to more spraying and losses in the long run. Crop advisors suggest combining seed treatment with lower-dose foliar sprays and integrating natural predators whenever possible.
Relying on technical-grade Imidacloprid brings responsibility. Farmers should base their dosage on the exact product label, local weather, and timing, not just on hearsay. Switching to calibrated knapsack sprayers and double-checking calibration—something as simple as a kitchen scale and a measuring jug—prevents errors.
Sustainable use hinges on clear instructions and hands-on support from extension workers, dealer training, and peer-to-peer farmer learning. Finding balance between pest control and environmental health sits at the center of good agriculture. By weighing and mixing carefully, keeping records, and adapting based on pest pressure and crop stage, growers protect both their harvests and their land.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | (E)-1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine |
| Other names |
Confidor Admire Gaucho Provado Connect Nuptse |
| Pronunciation | /ɪˌmɪdəˈkləʊprɪd/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 138261-41-3 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | `Imidacloprid` (97% Pesticide Grade) – 3D model (JSmol) string: ``` C1=CN(C(=N1)N)[C@@H]2CCN(C2)C3=NC=CN3Cl ``` |
| Beilstein Reference | Beilstein Reference: 608662 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:7791 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL61338 |
| ChemSpider | 86563 |
| DrugBank | DB12040 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03eacde9-e3ae-489e-8e28-0f6d1156ec36 |
| EC Number | 211-996-5 |
| Gmelin Reference | 331032 |
| KEGG | C18373 |
| MeSH | imidacloprid |
| PubChem CID | 86287512 |
| RTECS number | NR4027040 |
| UNII | 1NT04Q5EU9 |
| UN number | UN3077 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID8023139 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C9H10ClN5O2 |
| Molar mass | 255.66 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to light brown powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.54 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | 0.61 g/L (at 20°C) |
| log P | 0.57 |
| Vapor pressure | 2.2 × 10⁻⁹ kPa (20°C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | pKa = 11.12 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 11.11 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -6.5×10⁻⁷ (SI units) |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.63 |
| Viscosity | Viscosity: 3.1 mPa.s (20°C) |
| Dipole moment | 3.62 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 272.7 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -274.7 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -932.8 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | No ATC code |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | May be harmful if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through skin; causes moderate eye irritation; toxic to aquatic organisms. |
| GHS labelling | GHS05, GHS07, GHS09 |
| Pictograms | GHS06,GHS09 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H301 + H331: Toxic if swallowed or if inhaled. H373: May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. |
| Precautionary statements | Keep out of reach of children. Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. Wear protective gloves, clothing, and eye protection. Do not eat, drink, or smoke when using this product. Wash thoroughly after handling. Avoid release to the environment. |
| Autoignition temperature | > 475°C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD₅₀ oral, rat: 450 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): 500 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | Not established |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit) for Imidacloprid - 97% Pesticide Grade: "No OSHA PEL established |
| REL (Recommended) | 0.05 mg/m³ |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Not established |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Acetamiprid Thiacloprid Thiamethoxam Clothianidin Nitenpyram Dinotefuran |
