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Product Name: D-Limonene
Chemical Name: (R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene
Synonyms: Dipentene, Citrus Terpene
CAS Number: 5989-27-5
Molecular Formula: C10H16
Intended Use: Solvent, flavoring agent, fragrance, cleaning products
Manufacturer/Supplier: Contact details must always include full address, phone, emergency contact
Emergency Phone: Refer to national poison control center or local emergency contact
Recommended Restrictions: Industrial and professional use, not suitable for food or medical applications without proper clearance
Classification: Flammable liquid (Category 3), Skin Irritant (Category 2), Eye Irritant (Category 2A), Aspiration Hazard (Category 1), Aquatic Chronic (Category 1)
Signal Word: Danger
Hazard Statements: Causes skin irritation, May cause allergic skin reaction, Causes serious eye irritation, Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child, May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways, Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects, Flammable liquid and vapor
Precautionary Statements: Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces, Ground/bond container and receiving equipment, Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting equipment, Wear protective gloves and eye/face protection, Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace, Avoid release to the environment
Pictograms: Flame, Exclamation Mark, Health Hazard, Environment
Substance: D-Limonene (CAS: 5989-27-5)
Concentration: 95–100%
Other Components: Minor terpene hydrocarbons, possible traces of non-hazardous impurities depending on source
Impurities: None that contribute to hazard classification
Note: D-Limonene usually occurs as a single major component distilled from citrus peels
Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Contact medical attention if symptoms persist such as coughing, wheezing, or difficulty breathing.
Skin Contact: Immediately remove contaminated clothing. Rinse under flowing water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, rash, or redness continues, seek medical advice. Wash clothing before reuse.
Eye Contact: Thoroughly rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, making sure to fully flush under lids. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do, then continue to rinse. Medical attention required if irritation persists.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting to avoid risk of aspiration into the lungs. Rinse mouth and seek medical help immediately. Provide symptomatic support.
Important information for doctor: Aspiration into lungs may cause chemical pneumonitis; treat accordingly
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam, water spray (to cool containers, not for direct flame knockdown)
Unsuitable Extinguishing Media: Do not use direct water jet as it may spread burning liquid
Specific Hazards: Vapors are heavier than air, may travel to ignition source and cause flashback. Containers may rupture when exposed to heat. Product releases irritating fumes and carbon oxides upon combustion.
Protective Equipment: Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective gear
Advice: Keep fire-exposed containers cool with water spray and remove unaffected containers if possible
Personal Precautions: Evacuate untrained personnel from area. Remove all ignition sources. Provide adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing vapors. Wear appropriate protective equipment—gloves, goggles, chemical-resistant clothing.
Environmental Precautions: Prevent entry into waterways, drains, or soils. Notify local authorities if spill causes significant environmental contamination.
Containment: Stop leak if safe to do so. Dike and absorb spill using inert non-combustible absorbent like sand or earth. Do not use sawdust or other combustible absorbent.
Cleanup: Scoop up and place into suitable labeled disposal containers. Use non-sparking tools. Decontaminate spill area with detergent and water after removal.
Handling: Use only in well-ventilated areas. Store away from ignition sources, static discharge, and incompatible materials. Don’t eat, drink, or smoke when using. Wash thoroughly after use. Avoid skin and eye contact, avoid breathing vapor or mist. Never use near open flames or on hot surfaces.
Storage: Store in tightly closed, well-ventilated containers, kept cool and dry. Keep away from oxidizing agents, acids, and direct sunlight. Ground and bond containers and transfer equipment. Protect containers from physical damage. Store in an area designed for flammable liquids.
Engineering Controls: Local exhaust ventilation or general dilution ventilation recommended. Enclosed processes preferred. Use explosion-proof equipment.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
– Eyes/Face: Safety glasses with side shields or chemical splash goggles
– Hands: Chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile or PVC recommended)
– Skin/Body: Impervious apron or protective clothing to minimize skin contact
– Respiratory Protection: In poorly ventilated spaces, approved organic vapor respirator. In emergency, self-contained breathing apparatus.
Occupational Exposure Limits: No established ACGIH or OSHA exposure limits for d-limonene, but minimizing vapor exposure is standard practice.
Hygiene Measures: Wash hands before breaks and after work. Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas of use. Remove and wash contaminated clothing and gear before reuse.
Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow liquid
Odor: Citrus-like, pleasant orange scent
Odor Threshold: Approximately 0.04–0.12 ppm
pH: Not applicable (non-aqueous)
Melting Point: -74°C
Boiling Point: 176°C
Flash Point: 46–50°C (closed cup)
Evaporation Rate: Slower than butyl acetate
Flammability: Flammable liquid and vapor
Explosive Limits: Lower: 0.7% / Upper: 6.1% (in air)
Vapor Pressure: 2 mmHg at 25°C
Vapor Density: 4.7 (air = 1)
Relative Density: 0.84 at 20°C (water = 1)
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, ether
Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): 4.5
Auto-Ignition Temperature: 237°C
Decomposition Temperature: Not determined
Viscosity: 0.92 mPa·s at 25°C
Stability: Stable under normal storage and handling conditions. Will oxidize on long exposure to air, forming peroxides and other oxidation products, which can increase skin sensitization hazard.
Conditions to Avoid: Heat, open flame, sparks, direct sunlight, incompatible storage conditions
Incompatible Materials: Strong oxidizing agents (such as peroxides, nitric acid), acids, alkalis
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Releases carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, irritating vapors, and possibly toxic fumes
Reactivity: Reacts exothermically with strong oxidizers and peroxides; contact with air may produce sensitizing oxidation products
Acute Toxicity: Oral LD50 (rat): 4400 mg/kg; Dermal LD50 (rabbit): >5000 mg/kg; Inhalation: data not available but low acute toxicity expected
Skin Corrosion/Irritation: Causes skin irritation; repeated or prolonged exposure increases risk of sensitization
Serious Eye Damage/Irritation: Causes moderate to severe eye irritation
Respiratory Sensitization: Not reported to cause respiratory sensitization in humans, but avoid inhalation of vapors
Skin Sensitization: Proven skin sensitizer upon repeated exposure; can cause allergic dermatitis
Carcinogenicity: IARC listed as Group 3 (not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans)
Mutagenicity: No significant evidence of mutagenicity in screening tests
Reproductive Toxicity: Not classified for reproductive toxicity at workplace exposure levels
STOT (Single/Repeated): Possible central nervous system depression if ingested large quantities
Aspiration Hazard: Risk of chemical pneumonitis if liquid enters lungs
Ecotoxicity: Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
Aquatic Toxicity: LC50 (fish, 96 h): 0.7 mg/L (Oncorhynchus mykiss); EC50 (daphnia, 48 h): 0.307 mg/L; EC50 (algae, 72 h): 0.42 mg/L
Bioaccumulation: High potential for bioaccumulation (Log Kow: 4.5)
Degradability: Readily biodegradable in standard tests, but persistent in water in large spills
Mobility in Soil: Low water solubility and vapor pressure suggest low mobility, but may pose risk for groundwater contamination
Other Harmful Effects: Harmful to soil micro-organisms, can contribute to ozone formation as a volatile organic compound
Waste Disposal: Treat as hazardous waste. Collect into properly labeled, sealed containers. Do not dump into sewers, drains, soil, or surface water. Disposal should comply with local, regional, national, and international regulations. Incineration under controlled conditions preferred.
Contaminated Packaging: Triple rinse empty containers. Send for recycling or disposal in accordance with law. Do not reuse containers for other purposes.
Special Precautions: Prevent vapor release during disposal. Use proper PPE during disposal handling.
UN Number: UN2052
Proper Shipping Name: D-Limonene
Transport Hazard Class: 3 (Flammable liquid)
Packing Group: III
Labels Required: Flammable liquid label
IMDG (sea): Classified as Marine Pollutant, EmS F-E, S-D
ICAO/IATA (air): Pack in appropriate UN-approved containers, adhere strictly to volume limits for passenger and cargo aircraft
Transport Precautions: Keep containers tightly sealed, away from heat, ignition sources, and incompatible materials during transit
US Regulations: TSCA-listed, SARA 312 classified as fire and immediate health hazard, not subject to SARA 313 reporting
Canada: Listed on DSL/NDSL, subject to WHMIS classification (Class B2, D2B)
Europe: REACH-registered, classified under CLP as hazardous
Other Regulations: Subject to hazard communication standards globally; may require workplace exposure monitoring and reporting to environmental authorities for large releases
Inventories: D-Limonene listed on Australia AICS, China IECSC, Japan ENCS, Korea ECL, Philippines PICCS, and New Zealand NZIoC
