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Chemical Name: Acrolein Dimer (2-methyl-2H-pyran-2-carbaldehyde, or 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carbaldehyde)
Common Synonyms: 1,4-Dioxin, 2,5-dihydroxy-
Formula: C6H6O2
Form: Clear to yellowish liquid, sharp odor, sensitive to light
Stabilizer Presence: Usually stabilized with a small percentage of hydroquinone or a similar antioxidant to prevent unwanted reactions or polymerization
Hazard Class: Flammable liquid, toxic by inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, serious eye damage risks
Acute Hazards: Eye and skin contact causes irritation and burns, inhalation can lead to respiratory distress, coughing, and pulmonary edema in high doses
Chronic Risks: Prolonged exposure may damage liver, kidneys, and nervous system
Environmental Impact: Highly toxic to aquatic life, persistent in the environment
NFPA Ratings: Health: 3; Flammability: 2; Reactivity: 2
Main Component: Acrolein Dimer (over 95 percent)
Additives: Stabilized with a low percentage of antioxidant (commonly hydroquinone at <0.05 percent)
Impurities: Trace acrolein monomer can be present, which is itself highly hazardous
Inhalation: Move person to fresh air, support breathing as needed, seek medical attention immediately for any signs of respiratory distress
Skin Contact: Immediately wash with soap and water, remove contaminated clothing, consult a doctor for burns or irritation
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes cautiously with water for several minutes, remove contact lenses, seek immediate medical attention
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting, rinse mouth, call poison control or a doctor without delay
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical powder, carbon dioxide
Specific Hazards: Fumes may include toxic and irritating gases such as carbon monoxide and formaldehyde
Protective Equipment: Firefighters should use self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective gear
Fire Response: Isolate area, approach from upwind, cool exposed containers with water spray
Personal Precautions: Evacuate area, ventilate, avoid breathing vapors, wear chemical-resistant gloves, goggles, and protective clothing
Containment: Absorb spill with inert material like sand or earth, prevent runoff to drains or water sources
Cleanup Methods: Collect waste in sealed containers, decontaminate area using a dilute bleach solution where compatible
Handling: Use only in well-ventilated areas, avoid skin and eye contact, do not breathe vapors or mist, keep away from sources of ignition, use spark-proof tools and explosion-proof equipment
Storage: Keep container tightly closed, store in cool, dry, well-ventilated chemical storeroom, protect from sunlight and heat, segregate from oxidizers and acids, check stabilizer level regularly to avoid hazardous polymerization
Engineering Controls: Local exhaust ventilation or fume hood required for laboratory and industrial use, ensure regular air monitoring for vapor concentrations
Personal Protective Equipment: Chemical splash goggles, resistant gloves (nitrile, neoprene), lab coat or chemical-resistant suit, respiratory protection if exposure limits exceeded or ventilation inadequate
Exposure Limits: OSHA or ACGIH limit for acrolein (as monomer) is 0.1 ppm (ceiling). No specific established values for dimer; treat with similar precaution due to expected toxicity
Appearance: Clear or pale yellow liquid, pungent odor often compared to acrid smoke
Boiling Point: Expected in the range of 95–115 °C, exact data scarce
Melting Point: Below room temperature, estimated around -30 °C
Vapor Pressure: Moderate; higher than water, may contribute to inhalation exposure
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in organic solvents like ethanol and ether
Other Properties: Volatile, forms hazardous peroxides or polymers on exposure to air/light if not stabilized
Chemical Stability: Stable when properly stabilized and stored, otherwise prone to polymerization and formation of hazardous byproducts
Reactivity: Reacts vigorously with oxidizing agents, strong acids, and bases
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and toxic acrolein fumes formed on decomposition
Special Warnings: Loss of stabilizer accelerates hazard, monitor storage conditions and stabilizer regularly
Likely Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, skin absorption, eye contact, ingestion
Acute Effects: Severe irritation or burns to mucous membranes, eyes, and skin; respiratory tract irritation can progress to pulmonary edema
Chronic Effects: Potential for nervous system depression, liver and kidney dysfunction, carcinogenicity studies in animals suggest risk factors but lack robust human data
Symptoms of Overexposure: Cough, difficulty breathing, headache, dizziness, chemical burns
Aquatic Toxicity: Highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; causes oxygen depletion and direct toxicity in waterways
Persistence: Degrades slowly in water, particularly when shielded from sunlight
Bioaccumulation: Data suggest low potential for long-term accumulation in food chains but immediate ecosystem impact from acute spills
Other Hazards: Kills aquatic plants, alters local bioconcentration patterns, disrupts microbial ecology in soil and water
Methods: Treat as hazardous waste, incinerate in suitable facilities with off-gas scrubbing, do not dispose of in landfill or down drains
Precautions: Neutralize residue with dilute bleach followed by copious water wash, keep waste segregated from incompatible materials
Regulatory Requirements: Follow local, state, and federal laws for listed toxic chemicals
UN Number: Grouped under hazardous liquid, flammable class, packaging and labeling must conform to international regulations for toxic and hazardous materials
Transportation Precautions: Keep containers upright, secured, and protected from sunlight and shocks
Emergency Response Guide: Evacuate area in case of spill, use non-sparking tools, inform authorities as mandated for chemical incidents
Classification: Subject to chemical risk registers, falls under US EPA Toxic Substances Control Act and EU REACH chemical safety laws
Restrictions: Manufacture, sale, transport, and use are tightly regulated, reporting requirements in case of spills or worker exposure apply
Worker Protection: OSHA and ACGIH standards in place, restricted workplace exposure and mandated controls, regular health surveillance recommended
