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Chemical Name: 4-Chloronitrobenzene
Chemical Formula: C6H4ClNO2
Common Appearance: Pale yellow solid with a distinct chemical odor
Uses: Found often in manufacturing processes involving dyes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides
CAS Number: 100-00-5
Synonyms: Para-chloronitrobenzene, p-chloronitrobenzene
Hazard Classification: Acute toxicity, skin irritation, eye irritation, long-term environmental hazard
Main Health Risks: Exposure can happen through dust inhalation, skin absorption, or accidental ingestion; contact may burn or irritate skin and eyes; inhalation brings on headaches, dizziness, or even nausea; long-term exposure may affect liver and kidney function
Symbols: Skull and crossbones for toxicity, exclamation mark for irritancy, environment for aquatic harm
Other Observations: Noted to release hazardous gases if involved in a fire
Main Component: 4-Chloronitrobenzene at concentrations near 98-99% for commercial-grade materials
Impurities: Minimal amounts; may include trace relatives from synthesis processes
Physical State: Usually supplied as a solid crystalline substance
Inhalation: Quickly move to fresh air; symptoms like shortness of breath or dizziness should prompt immediate medical help
Skin Contact: Wash thoroughly with soap and water for several minutes
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes cautiously with clean water for at least fifteen minutes, keeping eyelids open
Ingestion: Medical attention is important after accidental swallowing; don't induce vomiting without guidance
General Advice: Remove contaminated clothing right away and keep affected individuals calm and warm if they feel faint
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Dry powder or foam extinguishers perform better than water jets
Hazardous Combustion Products: Burning can send up noxious fumes, including hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide
Protective Equipment: Fire responders wear breathing apparatus and full protective gear; toxic fumes can spread beyond direct fire zone
Special Considerations: Fire scenes should be ventilated after extinguishing to drive out lingering fumes
Spill Precautions: Evacuate area of unprotected personnel; ventilate well to prevent breathing dust or vapor
Containment: Use inert absorbent material such as sand or earth to gather up spilled powder
Cleanup: Wear gloves, eye protection, and a suitable mask when collecting waste; avoid producing dust
Disposal: Gather residues into securely labeled containers for disposal by licensed chemical waste handlers
Safe Handling: Keep away from heat, sparks, and ignition sources; ensure work areas have exhaust ventilation
Storage Requirements: Store tightly sealed in cool, dry, and well-ventilated rooms away from acids and reducing agents
Other Tips: Do not smoke, eat, or drink while handling; always wash hands before breaks or eating
Permissible Exposure Limit: Limits for airborne concentration often sit near 1 mg/m3 for workplace air, as recommended in some occupational health guidelines
Engineering Controls: Fume hoods or local exhaust recommended for processes that generate dust
Eye/Face Protection: Chemical splash goggles
Skin Protection: Nitrile gloves and long sleeves
Respiratory Protection: Approved particulate or combination gas and vapor masks if ventilation is insufficient
Physical Form: Crystalline solid or powder
Color: Pale yellow
Melting Point: Around 83–85°C
Boiling Point: Approximately 242°C
Solubility: Poorly soluble in cold water; dissolves better in organic solvents
Vapor Pressure: Low at room temperature
Odor: Mildly aromatic, may be perceived as pungent
Chemical Stability: Remains stable under normal storage and use conditions
Incompatible Materials: Strong acids, strong bases, reducing agents
Dangerous Reactions: May form explosive mixtures with strong oxidizers
Decomposition: High heat or direct flame may break down compound, sending off toxic gases
Routes of Exposure: Eyes, skin, inhalation, ingestion
Short-Term Effects: Skin redness and irritation, coughing, sore throat, nausea, dizziness
Long-Term Risks: Evidence links extended exposure to blood disorders, possible effects on liver or kidney health; no strong evidence for carcinogenicity in common regulatory databases
Other Data: Severe poisoning may provoke symptoms related to methemoglobinemia, including bluish skin or shortness of breath
Aquatic Toxicity: Harmful to fish and aquatic invertebrates at low concentrations; persistence observed in river or lake environments
Bioaccumulation: Potential to build up in aquatic life noted
Degradability: Tends to break down slowly, especially in water with low microbial activity
Environmental Advice: Keep out of waterways; efforts to avoid accidental release lower risk of broad environmental impact
Disposal Methods: Chemical waste specialists should manage wastes; incineration in a facility with proper scrubbers recommended for larger quantities
Other Guidance: Never pour excess material into drains or dump outdoors; observe national or local regulations for hazardous waste
UN Number: UN1578
Hazard Class: 6.1 (Toxic substances)
Packing Group: III, indicating moderate hazard
Shipping Instructions: Secure packaging preferred; labels or placards for toxic substances are required on containers during transport
Special Precautions: Avoid jostling, puncture, or leaking packaging; limited quantities permitted on passenger aircraft or rail
Chemical Listings: 4-Chloronitrobenzene appears on lists for toxic substances under environmental and workplace safety laws across multiple countries
Occupational Controls: Workplace regulations place ceiling limits on exposure, restrict access, and demand usage tracking
Labeling: Packaging must include warnings for acute toxicity, irritancy, and environmental hazard; handling instructions laid out by safety codes
Community Right-to-Know: Local authorities or employers may need to notify nearby residents if the material is stored in bulk
