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Chemical Name: 3-Butenenitrile
Common Synonyms: Crotononitrile
CAS Number: 109-75-1
Physical Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow liquid
Odor: Sharp, acrid smell reminiscent of acrylonitrile
Primary Uses: Intermediate in organic synthesis, component in chemical manufacturing, research laboratories
Health Risks: Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact; can cause respiratory distress, headaches, dizziness, potential risk of cyanide-like symptoms after significant exposure
Reactivity: Highly flammable; forms toxic gases including nitrogen oxides and hydrogen cyanide when burned
Environmental Risks: Dangerous to aquatic environments due to its toxicity and potential bioaccumulation
Safety Concerns: Volatile nature increases risk of accidental inhalation and rapid area contamination
Main Ingredient: 3-Butenenitrile, typically present at concentrations exceeding 98% in commercial settings
Impurities: Low-level moisture, traces of saturated nitriles and other byproducts from manufacturing
Chemical Class: Unsaturated nitrile, structurally related to acrylonitrile
Inhalation: Remove affected individual to fresh air immediately; offer oxygen or assisted ventilation if breathing is labored; seek medical attention urgently — due to the risk of systemic cyanide poisoning
Skin Contact: Wash skin carefully with soap and water; remove contaminated clothing; monitor for irritation or systemic symptoms
Eye Contact: Flush eyes under running water for at least 15 minutes; keep eyelids apart and seek prompt medical evaluation
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting; rinse mouth with water if individual is conscious; immediate medical care is essential
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Dry chemical powder, carbon dioxide, alcohol-resistant foam
Unsafe Media: Avoid water in a direct stream
Specific Hazards: Produces toxic fumes on combustion, including hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen oxides; vapor may travel and flash back
Protective Equipment: Self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective gear for responders
Special Precautions: Keep containers cool using water spray to reduce vapor buildup and explosion risk
Personal Protection: Use chemical-resistant gloves, eye protection, and respirator masks; evacuate non-essential personnel from spill area
Containment: Ventilate area well; stop leak at source if it can be done safely; prevent substance from entering watercourses or drains
Clean-Up Procedure: Soak up liquid with inert absorbent material such as sand, earth, or vermiculite; transfer to chemical waste container for disposal; avoid using combustible materials for clean-up
Environmental Response: Notify environmental authorities if significant contamination occurs
Handling: Use only in well-ventilated, designated chemical fume hoods or open-air environments; avoid inhalation of vapors and contact with skin or eyes; always ground containers to prevent static discharge during transfers
Storage Conditions: Store in cool, dry, fireproof facilities in tightly sealed containers away from heat, sparks, flames, and direct sunlight; segregate from oxidizers, acids, and bases; keep storage area equipped with spill containment
Best Practice: Train staff on emergency response and keep safety equipment accessible at all times
Engineering Controls: Install adequate local exhaust ventilation; monitor air concentrations regularly in areas with active handling
Personal Protective Equipment: Chemical splash goggles, butyl or nitrile rubber gloves, flame-resistant lab coats, and effective respirators—especially if exposure limits approach threshold levels
Exposure Limits: Occupational guidelines (ACGIH, OSHA) recommend stringent exposure limits due to potential for acute toxicity; staying below permissible levels is essential for worker safety
Hygiene Measures: Prohibit eating, drinking, and smoking in work areas; wash hands and exposed skin thoroughly after handling
Boiling Point: Around 112°C
Melting Point: -87°C
Flash Point: 16°C (closed cup)—making it a significant fire risk in warm environments
Vapor Pressure: Elevated at room temperature; vapors can accumulate rapidly
Solubility: Miscible with most organic solvents; low solubility in water
Specific Gravity: About 0.8
Appearance: Clear and mobile, but its sharp odor often signals presence well before visual detection
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage, but decomposes rapidly in heat, light, or when exposed to strong acids, alkalies, oxidizers
Incompatibilities: Avoid all sources of ignition and incompatible chemicals to prevent violent reactions and fire
Decomposition Products: Forms highly toxic gases like hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen oxides if combusted or heated excessively
Polymerization: Under certain conditions, such as heat or contamination, may undergo hazardous polymerization, generating heat that could escalate a small leak into a major incident
Main Exposure Routes: Inhalation tops the list, with skin absorption and accidental ingestion also posing threats
Symptoms of Overexposure: Nausea, dizziness, headache, abdominal pain, respiratory depression, convulsions; similar profile to cyanide poisoning at significant doses
Long-Term Effects: Chronic exposure linked to nervous system effects and possible carcinogenicity based on related compounds; ongoing monitoring recommended for personnel
Aggressive Properties: Notorious for its ability to penetrate ordinary work gloves and clothing, so only specialized gear offers reliable protection
Aquatic Toxicity: Very toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; even low-level leaks can bring lasting damage to local water sources
Bioaccumulation Potential: Limited but nontrivial—the potential for long-term effects in sediment and wetland areas remains concerning
Persistence and Degradability: Will degrade under environmental conditions, but its toxicity during that breakdown period raises alarm for local fauna and overall water safety
Recommended Disposal Method: Incineration in specialized hazardous waste facilities with proper off-gas treatment; landfilling or improper burning raises severe risks to air and groundwater
Regulations: Disposal governed by strict local, national, and international hazardous waste rules due to acute toxicity
Advice for Facilities: Never attempt disposal through drains, municipal landfills, or public trash systems; even trace residues in containers warrant full hazardous waste protocols
Classification: Hazardous during transport, subject to DOT, UN, ADR, and IMDG regulations
Packing Group: II due to acuteness of hazard
Labeling: Clearly marked with hazardous material and flammable liquid warnings; spill kits and emergency procedures must travel with shipments
Delivery Restrictions: Limited to carriers certified to move hazardous chemicals; improper handling during transit introduces unacceptable risks for drivers and communities
Global Directives: Controlled under listings by organisations like OSHA, EPA, REACH, and equivalents in most developed nations
Workplace Safety: Facilities using or storing the chemical owe workers intensive hazard communication, regular training, and right-to-know documentation
Community Right-To-Know: Emergency planning and public notification requirements apply due to the potential for off-site consequences in the event of spills
