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Looking back, the road to (2S)-cis-Hydroxylactam starts with early 20th-century chemists chasing new bicyclic and heterocyclic frameworks. Actual hands-on synthesis, rooted in early medicinal research, gained steam during the golden age of organic synthesis in the 1970s. Labs worldwide moved beyond standard lactam types and tried out hydroxyl substitutions on smaller rings. Over the decades, the cis-hydroxy orientation stood out as more than just a chemical curiosity — pharmacologists noticed its presence in bioactive natural products, while synthetic chemists eyed it as both a target and a tool. High-precision methods to control stereochemistry came into play as demand for enantiopure compounds in pharmaceuticals ramped up. Academic groups pushed forward, spurred by the challenge of getting consistent selectivity in chiral centers and optimizing yields in large-scale setups. Stories in journals didn’t just celebrate yield numbers; they highlighted each bottleneck and ingenious workaround. Today, plenty of research papers credit much of the progress to both improved asymmetric catalysis and better characterization tools.
(2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam stands out for those who work in chemical synthesis or drug development. Before the arrival of modern techniques, many got stuck with unresolved mixtures that hampered biological testing. Recent access to single, well-defined stereoisomers such as this one gives chemists a level of control that older generations could only draft in blueprints. It’s a white-to-off-white crystalline powder, known for reliable reactivity and selective modifications. Real-world users appreciate precise melting points and easy purification — traits that translate directly into fewer headaches in lab routines or pilot-scale preparations. Chemists in both pharma and agro research reach for cis-hydroxylactams when they need a starting point for more advanced building blocks.
Thanks to a five- or six-membered ring fused with a hydroxy group at the cis-2 position, this molecule brings both stability and reactivity. With molecular weights varying according to its substituents, commonly it falls in the mid-100s g/mol range. Most reference samples crystallize well, which eases storage and transport, and they hydrate minimally unless exposed to direct moisture. Water solubility is moderate, but in organic solvents like DMSO or acetonitrile, it dissolves cleanly — making it a favorite for follow-up reactions. The lactam’s amide group, paired with the cis-OH, means it can act as both a hydrogen donor and acceptor. Chemists pay special attention to its tautomerization tendencies and how pH shifts might open up the ring or flip the stereochemistry. Its infrared spectrum reveals a broad N-H stretch and a sharp carbonyl absorption, while NMR spectra make it easy to distinguish from trans or racemic forms.
Suppliers now aim for purity levels above 98%, listing exact chiral purity and batch traceability. On bottle labels, look for stereochemical diagrams, recommended storage (usually in cool, dry conditions, away from direct sunlight), and a detailed certificate of analysis logged by both HPLC and optical rotation checks. Most vials include QR codes for digital retrieval of spectra and MSDS sheets. Industry feedback pushed for GHS-compliant pictograms, expiration, and supplier details clear enough that end-users never have to guess. Those who’ve ever faced batch-to-batch inconsistency can appreciate the improved transparency in sourcing and testing that’s now become the gold standard.
Labs tend to kick things off with a protected amino acid, which gets cyclized under mild acid or base. Many campaigns start from L-serine or one of its homologs, protecting the alcohol and amine groups in separate steps. After forming the ring, the hydroxy group is installed via stereoselective epoxidation or dihydroxylation, followed by careful deprotection to avoid racemization. Column chromatography remains the workhorse for purification, but some use preparative HPLC for more stubborn isomers or scale-ups. Heating strategies require a steady hand since too much heat can break the ring, while low yields and epimerization haunted early protocols. Pressure reactors and flow systems, which entered the scene in the early 2000s, gave a major boost to both yield and purity, making lab routines safer and more sustainable.
Any functional group attached to the backbone often triggers new possibilities for further modification. Amination at various positions, carbamate formation, and selective oxidation are routine applications. The cis-hydroxy group draws special attention in cross-coupling and protection strategies, since regioselectivity matters for downstream targets. Reductive amination, alkylation, and azide installation all rank high as tried-and-true modifications. The ring’s inherent strain means nucleophilic additions run fast, so chemists often fine-tune conditions to avoid overreaction. For those familiar with solid-phase synthesis, (2S)-cis-Hydroxylactam fits well as a scaffold, where side-chain attachment doesn’t disrupt the core stereochemistry. In medicinal chemistry, tweaks at the N-4 position or the hydroxy group let researchers explore analogs of larger bicyclic systems common to bioactive alkaloids.
Some catalogs list (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam under alternative labels such as “(2S)-Hydroxycaprolactam”, or less precisely, “S-cis-2-Hydroxypiperidinone”. European suppliers sometimes use French or German conventions (e.g., “cis-2-Hydroxyazepanone”), while Asian distributors prefer their house abbreviations. In real-world procurement, confusion over isomer names has led to misorders, especially between cis/trans or D/L forms, so researchers stick closely to CAS numbers and IUPAC language where possible. Some pharma companies use unique internal codes, but public-facing literature keeps things straight by always referencing the core (2S)-cis configuration.
Even experienced chemists keep a close eye on safety when working with lactams. Most incidents tie back to improper handling during scale-up or rushed reactions that lead to splashes or accidental spills. Skin contact sometimes brings mild irritation, though respiratory risks only show at high dust concentrations. Good ventilation and gloves, common in every competent lab, go a long way. Disposal routes involve quenching with mild acid and transferring residues to approved hazardous waste streams; open sink disposal gets flagged in most audits. Storage away from moisture and direct light reduces degradation risk, and periodic inspections catch degraded material before it can worry anyone. Incident logs from companies highlight the perils of underestimating solid intermediates, with dust control and static mitigation topping the list in internal safety briefings.
Medicinal chemistry sees (2S)-cis-Hydroxylactam as a go-to for designing protease inhibitors, beta-lactamase-resistant antibiotics, and precursor molecules for CNS drug targets. Life science R&D teams use it in peptide isostere construction, aiming for backbone modifications that improve oral bioavailability or metabolic stability. Agrochemical developers tested cis-hydroxylactam derivatives as leads for new insecticides and herbicides, taking advantage of their tuneable toxicity and selectivity. Material science circles, though slower to pick it up, now find it handy in crafting new polymers with unusual flexibility. In my own work, swapping in the cis-hydroxy ring led to a sudden boost in biological activity for enzyme assays, a reminder that one small change in geometry can sometimes open new doors.
Academic labs don’t just chase new ways to make the molecule; they probe the relationship between stereochemistry and biological action. Structure-activity relationship studies (SAR) get the most attention, pairing bench chemistry with molecular modeling. In-house pharma groups pour effort into making more robust analogs, finding platforms that let medicinal chemists run parallel synthesis campaigns. Several papers point out that subtle shifts in solvents or catalysts turn mediocre reactions into winning protocols, and any published route gets pored over for scale-up potential. Techniques like X-ray crystallography and 2D NMR now pin down every stereocenter, clearing up ambiguities that once led to wasted time and resources. Funding agencies want practical routes and low-waste processes, so green chemistry trends show up strong in newer research, including bio-catalytic steps and solvent recycling. Collaboration between industry and universities has closed the gap between exploratory work and real-world application, speeding up translation to the factory floor.
Toxicological profiles stay at the top of any safety sheet for this compound. Animal studies indicate relatively low acute toxicity at small doses, but chronic exposure studies keep regulators from relaxing oversight. Metabolite tracking points to rapid excretion in healthy systems, with most activity seen in liver and kidney processing. In vitro testing uncovered cases of low-level cytotoxicity at high doses, especially in sensitive cell lines. Glutathione depletion and mild oxidative stress have been noted, so anyone in R&D stays cautious during early biological screenings. Environmental persistence runs low thanks to ready breakdown under UV or basic conditions, but standard containment keeps waste from seeping into local waterways. Some research groups suggest screening new analogs early for off-target toxicity to steer clear of issues that dogged earlier drugs. Feedback from safety committees nudges synthetic teams toward producing only as much as needed and keeping scrupulous track of every batch.
Demands in pharmaceutical, crop science, and even advanced materials don’t look likely to dip any time soon. The market for (2S)-cis-Hydroxylactam will grow hand-in-hand with better, greener production methods and the hunger for more selective, action-specific small molecules. AI-driven retrosynthetic tools are unlocking new preparation options, while automation promises higher throughput and lower wastage. The next leaps will likely come from hybrid bio-organic reactors and more sustainable recycling of catalysts and solvents. Next-generation drug discovery continues to seek backbone-modified scaffolds, and (2S)-cis-Hydroxylactam looks set to hold a core place in libraries for efficient screening programs. As regulatory burdens tighten, especially around environmental and occupational exposure, producers who show full lifecycle transparency and responsible production will dominate. The most stubborn issues with stereoselection, waste, and toxicity remain active research areas, with every answer opening up still more questions for the chemists of tomorrow.
Plenty of folks outside labs won’t recognize the long name “(2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam,” but this compound quietly helps keep the wheels turning in several scientific fields. The story here isn’t about some miracle chemical from a commercial, but a real, hard-working molecule that researchers and chemists rely on. You come across such lactams in the synthesis of important drugs and in the study of natural product building blocks that shape the future of medicine and chemistry.
Step into the world of modern drug discovery and you’ll see how chemists seek new ways to create molecules with powerful effects. Lactams like (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam form skeletons for a range of medicines, especially where precision counts. These structures help in shaping antibiotics, painkillers, and anti-cancer agents, because the carbon and nitrogen atoms in the ring lend versatility. In my own time reading journal papers and talking to researchers, it amazes me how one tweak to such a ring can change a molecule from useless to invaluable.
Take beta-lactam antibiotics for example—the workhorse drugs in hospitals. They use a similar structure to get inside bacteria and stop infections. Researchers use (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam and similar rings as templates, making it easier to generate analogs during drug development. That flexibility means scientists can chip away at resistance problems or make drugs that last longer in the body.
This compound opens new directions in organic chemistry classrooms and research groups every year. One professor I know called the bicyclic nature of (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam a “teachable moment,” because making these rings in the lab teaches fundamental skills—building, breaking, and rebuilding molecules with control. That hands-on experience sets the stage for discoveries.
Graduate students pushing for their PhDs in synthetic chemistry dive headfirst into the challenge of assembling such molecules. They study reactions where the stereochemistry—the 3D shape of atoms—matters. What seems abstract on paper comes alive in the glassware, leading to pathways for new pharmaceuticals or agrochemicals. The journey of synthesizing these compounds shapes sharp minds and real careers.
Companies don’t pour money into a molecule just for fun. (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam lands in specialty catalogs thanks to its cost-benefit ratio. It supports the synthesis of more advanced intermediates and custom compounds, which then branch off into seeds for drug candidates or specialty chemicals. I've seen startups leverage this backbone to shorten routes that once took dozens of steps in organic synthesis, saving time, costs, and precious resources.
One of the best aspects? As green chemistry grows in importance, structures like these can help. Researchers design new reactions that minimize hazardous waste and boost efficiency. By making use of these versatile lactams, chemists edge closer to cleaner, more responsible production methods.
Every advanced molecule brings its set of hurdles. Getting a pure (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam, with each atom positioned correctly, requires careful planning and hands-on know-how. Synthetic labs face setbacks—yield problems, unexpected by-products, costly reagents. Open collaboration, investment in modern instrumentation, and solid training all help clear a path through those thickets.
Tying it together, (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam doesn’t grab headlines but lives at the crossroads of innovation and practical chemistry. As new drugs and materials call for backbone diversity and precision, this compound earns its place as a steady workhorse—one molecule, many possibilities.
(2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam is a molecule that finds its home in research labs where chemists push the limits of medicinal design. Its chemical structure tells a story of function, chirality, and practical utility. The backbone—lactam—means this compound carries a cyclic amide, a structure that often gives rise to stability and unique reactivity. The “hydroxy” part tacked onto the name flags a hydroxyl group, drawing attention to a site of chemical action or modification. The “cis” position and the (2S) stereochemistry add layers to this molecule, making it far from generic. I’ve seen students and researchers carefully check stereochemical drawings to avoid confusion with similar lactams, and a slight slip could spoil an entire synthesis. These features matter in every conversation around drug design and synthesis planning.
Picture (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam as a ring—a closed loop of atoms, five or six often being standard, though context in literature can shift that slightly. The nitrogen sits as an anchor within the ring. The hydroxyl group (–OH) attaches on the same side as a reference group, creating the “cis” arrangement. Stereochemistry like “(2S)” shapes how enzymes, receptors, and catalysts in a laboratory—or even in the human body—could latch onto the molecule. In my own work, subtle changes at the atom’s orientation turn a promising lead compound into an inactive byproduct. It’s not just atomic origami; it’s the difference between success and a failed experiment.
Researchers delve into molecules like this for more than just curiosity. In organic synthesis, the lactam ring resists hydrolysis better than open-chain counterparts, allowing the molecule to persist in various environments. In pharmaceutics, orienting functional groups with surgical precision lays the groundwork for targeted action, minimal side effects, and clear metabolic paths. Several beta-lactam antibiotics draw their power from their carefully shaped rings; change one angle, and bacteria live to see another day.
Pharmaceutical chemists value (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam as a scaffold—a building block for more complex molecules. Modifying the ring, choosing the right substituents, adjusting for “cis” orientation, and nailing the (2S) configuration creates a whole range of derivatives. Some act as molecular probes. Others lead to prodrugs ready for conversion in the body. I’ve watched teams debate late into the night about tweaking ring size or swapping out substituents for better receptor binding. The tiniest modification can produce big swings in how molecules behave in living systems.
Stereochemistry tanks plenty of research projects before they hit the clinic. Making sure you land the “cis” rather than “trans” form, securing that (2S) instead of its mirror-image, calls for careful reactions and top-tier analytical tools. During graduate school, I wrestled with the frustration of separations—chromatography often worked overtime to sort out all the stereoisomers and rotamers that crept into our mixtures. Reliable methods, like chiral resolution or asymmetric catalysis, reduce waste and frustration. Quality matters, so traceability, documentation, and verified methods remain essential. Reproducibility forms the backbone for any lab hoping to move molecules past bench-scale curiosity and onto real-world solutions.
New technologies like cryo-electron microscopy and machine learning models help in predicting the structure-activity relationships of lactams, which saves months of trial-and-error. Open-access databases let chemists crowdsource trouble spots and share fixes. Specialization in organic techniques such as hydroxy-directed cyclization can guide synthetic campaigns toward cleaner, more predictable outcomes.
What stands out about (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam is not just its arrangement of atoms or theoretical interest. This molecule offers a glimpse of the daily push and pull in chemical innovation: wrestling with stereochemistry, turning rings into leads, and balancing the chase for function with real-world constraints. The lessons from studying a single molecule echo across the broader landscape of drug discovery and chemical synthesis—and every incremental step forward builds on chemists’ shared knowledge, expertise, and grit.
Anyone who’s worked with sensitive chemicals knows that storage often gets overlooked until something goes wrong. (2S)-cis-Hydroxylactam isn’t just another jar on a shelf—it’s a valuable component in chemical synthesis, especially when producing pharmaceuticals, chiral intermediates, or fine chemicals. Poor storage costs more than just lost product; it can mean ruined experiments, financial setbacks, and sometimes even safety hazards.
Speaking from time around lab benches, most lactams don’t enjoy heat. Elevated temperatures increase the risk of decomposition. Fumes, smells, or color changes in storage hint at breakdown, which usually means the sample won’t suit your next reaction. Store (2S)-cis-Hydroxylactam in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Standard refrigerators work well in research labs for this sort of compound, usually holding below 8°C. Some commercial settings install dedicated explosion-proof fridges for extra safety.
Even if you trust the container, humidity sneaks up on you. Water vapor in the air can trigger hydrolysis or other degradation reactions. Tight container seals, ideally screw caps with PTFE liners, keep moisture out. For best results, store the chemical with desiccant packs or in a desiccator. Old habit: always double-check if the cap clicks, because a lazy seal spells trouble later.
Glass vials with clear labels make life easier during inventory and reduce mistakes. Clear glass works unless the compound is light sensitive. If that’s the case, amber bottles help cut exposure. Never store lactams in metal cans or reactive plastics—sometimes contaminants leach in or promote side reactions. Make sure the container matches the quantity. Small vials for research keep air exposure to a minimum, which slows any unwanted changes.
(2S)-cis-Hydroxylactam doesn’t tend to explode or burn up on its own, but mixing chemicals, stacking containers, or a little clumsiness leads to bigger problems. In workspaces, segregate it from strong acids, bases, and oxidizers—these could kick off reactions or spoil your stash. For spills, have clean-up materials and standard PPE on hand. Once, a poorly labeled lactam bottle wound up in our halogen stock, which forced a half-day interruption for re-sorting and lock-out. Swapping handwritten paper labels for printed ones with chemical names, dates, and hazards avoids confusion.
Few things frustrate lab workers like discarding a whole bottle because moisture got in or the container cracked. Buying in smaller aliquots fits low-turnover labs, so you don’t open the main stock every week. Bulk users may justify specialized freezers or dedicated climate control. Routine checks don’t take long; spend ten minutes every month verifying seals, checking for crystals in solution, and tossing anything off-color or suspect-smelling. Audit logs in digital format save hours down the line.
Training new folks about storage protocols builds safety into daily routines. Reviewing Material Safety Data Sheets during onboarding and regular refresher meetings help everyone spot red flags early. Skipping short-term shortcuts—like taping over old labels or stashing chemicals behind a frequently used reagent—prevents accidents and loss. If everyone treats storage as essential, reliability and reproducibility jump up. After all, in research and industry, every good result starts with a properly stored bottle.
Working in a lab, I’ve seen firsthand how a chemical’s purity tells us more than just how clean it is. Each decimal point in a purity specification carries weight. With (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam, most researchers look for purity levels at 98% or above, making sure they’re working with a product where side-products won't muddy results. Every percentage down means more unknowns that can shift outcomes, skew data, or introduce headaches in repeatability.
In the years I spent synthesizing molecules for pharma, the importance of repeatable, clean reactions always stood front and center. Even trace impurities have triggered unpredictable byproducts, or blocked downstream steps. The specificity demanded in today’s small-molecule drug development means a standard that rarely dips below 98%, often hitting 99% or higher for final preclinical and clinical steps. That’s far from arbitrary. Regulatory filings, especially in Europe and the United States, require thorough impurity profiles. If you don’t know what else is in the vial, you can’t justify your safety claims.
Purity reporting rides on the reliability of the methods behind the numbers. With (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam, I’ve seen teams lean on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), sometimes paired with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or mass spectrometry. HPLC shines in detecting tiny amounts of structurally similar leftovers. If a supplier can't provide thorough chromatograms, it’s usually a red flag. Real trust gets built through data: a fat stack of certificates, clean spectra, and transparency about what’s inside every bottle.
Purity isn’t just a checkbox—it’s about safety, trust, and keeping research on solid ground. I’ve witnessed projects grind to a halt over questionable supply chains, or delayed shipments of high-purity intermediates. Pharmaceutical companies with rigorous batch-release QC save headaches later, but small startups can feel this pain even more sharply, as budget constraints sometimes tempt shortcuts. It’s a miserable feeling watching weeks of work lost because a batch didn’t meet agreed specs, or contamination forced a recall. Purity ties to professional reputation and future funding. That’s a lesson no one forgets twice.
A lot of pain in purity assurance comes from poor communication with suppliers. Labs and companies can push back, demanding full batch-level documentation, not just boilerplate certificates. On-site audits and third-party testing cost money, but they save much more in the long run. Embracing digital inventory systems with traceable batch histories helps researchers catch issues early. Groups can work with smaller, specialty chemical suppliers who invest in GMP-grade processes, even if it means a slight uptick in price per gram. Shortcuts rarely end up being cheap.
Quality in (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam, like in most fine chemicals, isn’t just about numbers on paper. It’s a shared commitment between the supplier, scientist, and everyone downstream. Reliable purity makes every experiment, every result, and every patient that much safer.
I’ve spent many hours handling chemicals both simple and complex, and (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam stands out as one that asks for respect. While it may not sound like a threat by the name alone, working with any lactam means you can’t skip safety—especially in research or pilot settings, where procedures shift quickly and distractions are easy to come by.
(2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam doesn’t show up on store shelves, but it's got a place in pharmaceutical labs and chemical development. Like most small lactams, it’s built to react. This reactivity supports important reactions in medicinal chemistry, though it also means you might end up with unexpected byproducts or, worse, an uncomfortable exposure.
Most people outside drying rooms and benchtop projects never get a strong whiff of a lactam, but the health risks speak for themselves. Even before cracking open safety datasheets, I trust common experience—compounds with amide and hydroxyl groups often irritate the skin and eyes, and splashes rarely go unnoticed. Some lactams have a sneaky ability to get through gloves that feel tough enough for anything. No one has fun with chemical dermatitis. Even brief inhalation exposure sometimes leads to headaches or nausea, which I’ve seen friends chalk up to “not eating lunch”—until three mishaps build up and someone ends up at the campus health center.
Pick up a container, and the smell alone reminds you to stay alert. I always reach for nitrile gloves over latex, swapping out at the first sign of wear. Chemical splash goggles offer more peace of mind than eyeglasses ever have. Lab coats save more clothes than I can count—and still, spills happen.
Don’t take shortcuts with ventilation. Chemical fume hoods do more than keep the room smelling clean; they keep fumes and airborne particulates away from your lungs. Good air systems matter most in small, crowded labs or shared spaces, and neglecting them can have a real impact on well-being. I’ve felt the difference between a well-designed lab and an old space with barely a draft to clear the air. A simple test: if the fume hood sash sticks or doesn’t pull air well, flag it fast, and find another space in the meantime.
No lab goes years without spills. For (2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam, grab absorbent pads or spill kits rated for organic chemicals. I always keep neutralizing powder and a spare set of gloves nearby. Dispose of waste solvents and contaminated materials in the right bins—mixing them with trash or pouring down the drain risks bigger headaches later, both for environmental folks and your building’s staff.
I’ve lost count of orientation sessions mentioning eyewash stations and showers, but I learned—only after a close call—to check that these stations work before starting a long experiment. Labs tend to swap benches and move gear, so finding the nearest station before anything happens can save precious seconds.
(2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam, like so many lab chemicals, rewards respect and a thoughtful approach. Study the safety data sheets, talk through hazards before trying new methods, and watch out for teammates who might look distracted. Every safe day in the lab adds up to stronger science and less risk. Experience shows: caution matters more than bravado, especially on long nights deep in the lab.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | (2S,3R)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-one |
| Pronunciation | /ˈtuː ɛs sɪs haɪˈdrɒk.siˌlæk.tæm/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 162857-80-7 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | `3D model (JSmol)` string for **(2S)-Cis-Hydroxylactam**: ``` C1CNC(=O)CO1 ``` *(This is in SMILES notation, commonly used for JSmol 3D model rendering)* |
| Beilstein Reference | 1281109 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:85258 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1234813 |
| ChemSpider | 162181 |
| DrugBank | DB08345 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 55c63446-82e4-4235-b438-ace6a42be91d |
| EC Number | 1.14.13.62 |
| Gmelin Reference | 172784 |
| KEGG | C20045 |
| MeSH | D062169 |
| PubChem CID | 70684409 |
| RTECS number | VL7520000 |
| UNII | 7RXC8T1U3T |
| UN number | 2810 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | CXT1527635 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C4H7NO2 |
| Molar mass | 129.16 g/mol |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.18 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | Soluble |
| log P | -0.46 |
| Vapor pressure | 1.43E-06 mmHg at 25°C |
| Acidity (pKa) | 10.13 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 15.05 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -65.46·10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.540 |
| Dipole moment | 2.96 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 383.1 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -568.6 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -494.6 kJ/mol |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed. Causes skin irritation. Causes serious eye irritation. May cause respiratory irritation. |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H315, H319, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P312, P321, P363, P405, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-2-2-0 |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): 286 mg/kg (intraperitoneal, mouse) |
| NIOSH | JQ9656000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL: Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 20°C |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | IDLH not established |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
(2R)-Trans-Hydroxylactam Delta-Valerolactam Gamma-Butyrolactam (S)-Hydroxyproline Lactam |
