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The study of indandione derivatives stretches back to early 20th-century organic chemistry labs, where researchers hunted for new cyclic diketones to explore reactivity and medicinal uses. By the late 1970s, chemists started to recognize the potential of modified indandiones like 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione. Early synthesis aimed to improve yield and selectivity, since classic indandiones, while reactive, suffered from limited specificity in reactions. The addition of a pivaloyl group opened up new avenues, particularly for pharmaceutical precursors and ligand design. Over the decades, its preparation methods reflect a mix of clever chemical thinking and practical constraints in scaling up to industrial levels. Anybody who has followed the literature on beta-diketones can see the steady march from bench-scale curiosity to a focused tool in both academic and commercial settings.
2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione, often recognized in chemical catalogs by alternative names such as Pivaloylindandione or PID, carries a unique structural twist thanks to its bulky tert-butyl (pivaloyl) group attached to the indandione framework. This seemingly minor tweak brings about changes in solubility, melting point, and reactivity that can directly affect applications in both research and manufacturing. In crystal form, it attracts attention for its distinctive off-white to yellowish appearance, highlighting its purity and stability under standard storage. Chemists in lab and production environments alike gravitate toward this molecule when looking to introduce bulky acyl groups into aromatic systems or stabilize reactive intermediates.
Looking at its profile, 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione crystallizes with a melting point hovering between 110°C and 115°C. Thanks to its rigid indandione backbone and tert-butyl group, it resists rapid air oxidation yet handles mild bases and acids with surprising stability. Its solubility shines in organic solvents such as dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, and, to some extent, ethanol, but almost nothing dissolves easily in water due to the hydrocarbon load and delocalized electrons of the diketone ring. The chemical formula (C13H14O3) lines up with a molecular weight of about 218.25 g/mol. NMR and mass spectrometry reveal the expected tert-butyl shift and strong diketone resonance, which help in confirming structure after synthesis.
Manufacturers and suppliers generally provide 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione with purity above 97%, complete with batch-level HPLC or GC analysis, NMR spectra, and IR profiles. Labels always include hazard pictograms, with most packages flagged for skin, eye, and respiratory sensitivities. Shipping containers need to resist moisture ingress and accidental pressure buildup, since diketones can show sensitivity over time. Most reference catalogs swap between systematic names and shorthand like PID or Pivaloylindandione, along with a CAS registry number for regulatory tracking. As someone who’s handled similar compounds, I can tell you the quality of supporting documents—safety sheets, analysis reports, batch traceability—play a massive role in running a good lab or process line.
Production typically begins with 2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione as primary precursor, reacting under cold anhydrous conditions with pivaloyl chloride and a mild base, often pyridine or triethylamine. This acylation needs careful temperature control and rigorous drying, since water invites side-reactions that drop yields and complicate purification. After reaction, the mixture goes through quenching, organic layer separation, and flash chromatography or recrystallization—labor-intensive but crucial for purity. Scaling this up means rethinking the exotherm and byproduct handling, especially for those who aim for multi-kilogram syntheses without risking contamination or loss of sensitive diketone function.
Both academic and industry researchers look at 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione for its ability to coordinate metals, form enolates, and serve as a starting point for further acylation, halogenation, or heteroatom substitution. This backbone behaves reliably in crossed-aldol reactions and Michael additions, where the pivaloyl group blocks unwanted side reactions and pushes selectivity. Metallo-organic chemists use its dicarbonyl core to anchor ligands or catalysts for catalytic hydrogenation, epoxidation, and even asymmetric synthesis. The bulky pivaloyl moiety steers stereo- and regioselectivity in these reactions. Having navigated some ugly column purifications myself, I can appreciate the hassle saved when a pivaloyl group keeps byproduct formation low, making downstream steps cleaner and more predictable.
In catalogs and technical specs, you’ll see synonyms such as 2-tert-Butanoyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione, PID, or simply Pivaloylindandione. Chemists also refer to it with shortened identifiers according to house inventories or research groups, but regulatory filings stick to systematic names and CAS numbers. This mish-mash creates confusion, so supply chains depend on consistent documentation and labeling. Mismatches in nomenclature nearly always lead to legacy stock getting overlooked or misused, which adds unnecessary risks when switching suppliers or reordering.
Working with 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione means respecting its respiratory and contact hazards. Most experienced handlers pull their gloves and goggles the second they enter the chemical hood. Airborne particulates create inhalation risks, so ventilated benches and particle masks come standard. Material safety data sheets highlight the importance of avoiding open flames and static discharge, since diketones show flammability above certain concentrations. Waste disposal involves organic solvent collection and compliance with hazardous material regulations. Realistically, operatives count on training, spill procedures, and up-to-date safety reviews to keep exposures low. Companies with strong safety cultures and accessible training resources see the lowest incident rates, showing that personnel investment pays off.
In application, 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione shapes pharmaceutical synthesis, catalysis, and even specialty coating formulation. Medicinal chemists lean on its scaffold to build anticoagulant prototypes or probe inhibitors that modulate enzyme activity, especially where sterically demanding substituents matter for selectivity. Materials scientists test diketone derivatives in UV-curable lacquer development and chelating agent research. Catalyst design for exploring new transition-metal complexes often taps the reactivity and electron-rich core of this molecule. Over years chatting with colleagues across research and pilot manufacturing, I’ve heard repeated praise for its reliability, especially compared to flakier keto-enolate systems.
Ongoing research keeps spotlighting new adaptations, including greener synthetic routes using catalytic pivaloylation or enzymatic conditions to trim waste. Analytical chemists investigate derivatives for liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry labeling, where the pivaloyl group gives a clear signal and predictable fragmentation pattern. Drug discovery teams engineer analogs with modified side-chains to probe target binding, signal transduction, or metabolic stability. Collaborative projects between universities and industry push for bioorthogonal labeling and targeted therapy approaches, leveraging fluorinated or conjugated versions of the original compound. The evolution of these efforts shows where basic chemistry meets real-world priorities—yield improvement, environmental impact reduction, and application-driven molecular tweaks.
Toxicity research, both acute and chronic, calls attention to dose and route of exposure. Most available studies point to low acute toxicity in standard model organisms, but warn of potential organ irritation—especially liver and kidney—at high exposure. Diketone frameworks carry some caution due to their ability to disrupt cell membranes and possibly form reactive metabolites. Data gaps exist, especially for chronic low-level inhalation or environmental fate after disposal. Research groups delve into metabolic pathways, tracking breakdown products and evaluating biomonitoring markers for lab personnel. This body of work nudges manufacturers and university EH&S teams to update best practices, keeping risk control on track and taking full advantage of emerging detection methods for trace exposures.
The outlook for 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione rides on advances in green synthesis, better downstream analytics, and new molecular targets in pharmaceuticals. Researchers anticipate smart modifications—such as attaching fluorophores or drug targeting groups—to lengthen its service as a functional platform. Environmental chemists focus on biodegradable or recyclable alternatives, looking to tweak the indandione system to break down easier without loss of performance. Pharmaceutical R&D eyes new prodrug formats and delivery vehicles that load the pivaloylindandione core for timed release or tissue targeting. From a practical standpoint, progress comes from smart, tested change—faster, cleaner synthesis, deeper safety-data pools, and better access for small-scale as well as commercial users. Across the chemical sciences, the road from curiosity molecule to essential tool always includes hurdles, but every success story looks much like the ongoing journey of 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione.
People who work in agriculture, urban pest control, or storage facilities know the struggle with invasive rodents. Grain goes missing, wires end up chewed, and diseases hitch a ride on rats. Trying to outsmart these pests joins science and practice, not just luck. 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione, often shortened to Pival, made a name for itself in this ongoing battle. Its main use? Powerful active ingredient in certain rodenticides.
Pival doesn’t pop up in household cupboards. Instead, it appears in commercial rodenticide formulations. Chemists recognize Pival as a second-generation anticoagulant. It blocks vitamin K cycles in rodents after ingestion, meaning these pests can’t clot their blood. One feed and the rodent’s system starts failing from the inside out. For farmers and city maintenance workers, Pival provides what seems like a reliable fix: fewer rodents, less food lost, safer wiring, and better crop yields.
But it isn’t all smooth sailing. As someone who’s watched traps and poisons do their work both in rural barns and busy city corners, I’ve seen how Pival’s strength cuts both ways. Reports from the EPA and the European Chemicals Agency point out risks to wildlife, including birds of prey and household pets. These animals can fall ill not by eating the bait directly, but by consuming poisoned rodents. That problem, called “secondary poisoning,” tends to raise heated debates among conservationists and pest control professionals.
Not every tool fits every job. Pival-based rodenticides often land in secured bait stations far from homes or areas where non-target species gather. Regulations demand clear labeling and responsible handling. I’ve had friends lose barn cats and farm dogs after accidental exposure, so taking shortcuts with this compound has real-world consequences.
As misuse stories pile up, stricter policies slip into local and federal rules. Many countries restrict who can buy and use Pival rodenticides, leaning on certified professionals who know the difference between clever deployment and careless scattering. It’s not just about rats, but everyone else who shares the food chain.
The conversation about rodent control keeps growing. Scientists look for new molecules, and some trial non-toxic deterrents or birth control for rats. Old-school traps and improved sanitation go a long way, too. Rolling out integrated pest management, which combines different approaches and tracks rodent populations, takes more time and attention than tossing out bait, but pays off in the long run.
Choosing Pival means weighing its effectiveness against its footprint. Anyone working with it should receive training, use proper bait stations, and keep an eye out for spills or evidence of poisoning beyond the target species. It’s about tuning in to the real dangers and working smarter, not just harder.
Looking at 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione, the molecular formula rolls out as C14H14O3. The molecular weight stands at 230.26 g/mol. Only those numbers might sound dry, but they matter whenever folks sit down to plan anything from chemical syntheses to regulatory filings.
I’ve pored over chemical data sheets for years. In research or quality assurance, checking the molecular weight and formula isn’t just a box ticked. It’s where basic understanding begins. You catch errors, prevent huge safety mistakes, and decide the next reaction step based on them. A single decimal out of place can throw off entire syntheses, especially with tightly regulated intermediates like this one.
With the structure of 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione, eyes often go straight to that pivaloyl group. The three methyl groups attached to the quaternary carbon bring in steric bulk, which blocks unwanted side reactions. This is helpful for chemists aiming for clean, predictable outcomes in the lab or industrial production.
Folks often use this molecule as a protected diketone or as an intermediate in pharmaceutical and agrochemical research. The structure keeps reactive spots guarded, making it easier to tweak and transform under the right conditions.
A wrong formula or weight can haunt a lab notebook or a patent filing for years. Imagine a team racing to file an invention, only for a regulator to spot a math flub. Clean data stops that pain in its tracks. Reputable databases, journals, and suppliers crosscheck this information. Chemists know to reach for the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), PubChem, and supplier certificates to back up every calculation. NIST and original literature also give strong reliability. These sources have earned their status because they publish data reviewers have double checked.
I’ve watched teams botch scale-ups or lose time because no one double-checked the molecular details. Imagine measuring out a batch for a gram-scale run, only to realize the calculation’s off—the error snowballs in both cost and safety. For smaller operations, each gram counts for budgets and compliance. Documentation gaps, unchecked numbers, or speculative math turn into repeated work, uncertain results, and regulatory headaches.
Solving these problems rarely means a fancy fix. Double-checking trusted sources, recording batch numbers, or even setting up a buddy system for big syntheses keeps mistakes rare. Teams that share trust in high-quality data and open communication about discrepancies avoid costly reruns and lost time. If more chemists grounded their workflow in clear, verified data, headaches from formula errors would shrink fast. Safety and productivity climb when everyone on the bench knows their numbers cold, down to the last decimal.
Attention to these simple details—like remembering C14H14O3 and 230.26 g/mol for 2-pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione—builds habits that stretch across a whole career. Experience says the teams that sweat these facts make fewer errors and win trust with every batch. That’s a lesson every chemist, new or seasoned, can carry forward.
Anyone who’s spent time in a laboratory knows certain chemicals demand respect. 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-Dihydro-1,3-Indandione is one of them. This compound, often used in chemical synthesis and research, can react unpredictably if ignored or handled carelessly. Over the years, too many accidents trace back to casual storage, misplaced trust, or skipping simple steps. So, people need to treat storage guidelines as non-negotiable, not just suggestions from a dusty manual.
Temperature stands out for a reason. Heat jumpstarts chemical reactions that should never happen on a storage shelf. Based on published safety data and my own daily routines, this compound stays stable when kept cool. Most chemical suppliers recommend storing it in temperatures below 8°C. A refrigerator specifically meant for chemicals, clearly marked for hazardous materials, does the trick. Placing it next to lunch bags or open drinks in a shared fridge risks accidental exposure and contamination. I’ve seen what happens when a vial leaks in a communal fridge, and cleaning up after an unknown spill turns into a guessing game. It’s far safer to create a dedicated cold storage zone, checked often, with clear records on what goes in and out.
Light breaks down many compounds over time; 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-Dihydro-1,3-Indandione reacts the same way. Transparent containers let UV rays speed up decomposition, leading to unstable byproducts nobody wants. Amber vials or aluminum foil around glass containers help cut out these risks. I keep samples double-wrapped if they need longer storage, just in case containers get cracked or bumped.
Air matters, too. Many bottles use secure caps and a layer of inert gas, like nitrogen, to form a barrier after each use. Keeping a chemical in a dry, sealed environment blocks most reactions with oxygen or moisture. Desiccators or sealed cabinets with silica gel packets help maintain this dryness. Once, a humid lab led to clumping and chemical crusting on a stored bottle. Not only does the compound lose effectiveness, but it also makes for a much tougher disposal process.
Even a well-organized lab can unravel if nobody labels containers clearly. Every bottle of 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-Dihydro-1,3-Indandione should list its name, date received, and hazard classification. Ink wears off over time, so it pays to laminate labels or use adhesive tags meant for cold storage. Label fatigue sets in after handling dozens of similar vials, but double-checking prevents confusion and possible disasters.
Separating storage for reactive or hazardous compounds saves lives. Store this chemical away from oxidizers, acids, and food. Spill trays under each row collect leaks before they spread. Training staff and students goes hand-in-hand with good practice — it turns careful storage habits into muscle memory. Ignoring these steps quickly snowballs into bigger problems, both for the people in the lab and for the university or company’s reputation.
Budget limits and space crunches push people to make tradeoffs, but skimping on safety costs more over time. Investing in refrigerator alarms, lockable cabinets, and sturdy secondary containers gives real peace of mind. Labs should set clear schedules for checks and audits, share incident stories, and update practices with every new safety report. Following these habits every single time protects everyone and shows that respect for the rules rarely steers you wrong.
2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione often pops up in research labs, especially where synthesis of complex molecules takes place. This compound brings tangible hazards with it—mainly irritation to skin, eyes, and the respiratory system if someone skips protective measures. Its powder form drifts easily on air currents, making inhalation a real risk in busy labs.
After twenty years around chemicals, one thing stands out: gloves and goggles matter more than people realize. Nitrile gloves handle most solvent splashes, keeping sensitive skin protected. Chemical splash goggles save folks from surprise reactions or small spills. If the bench gets crowded or fume hoods run full, lab coats and sometimes even face shields keep you out of trouble. Regular clothes don’t handle accidental exposures well, and cotton absorbs more than people think.
Fresh air in a workspace goes a long way. Fume hoods catch airborne particles and direct them away from noses and lungs. Without ventilation, it takes less than a lunch break for small chemical clouds to collect. Even with PPE, fumes can sneak past masks if the air doesn’t move. It doesn’t help to lean over a flask, making it a habit to work behind glass and keep the sash low as insurance. I’ve seen entire groups get mild headaches after skipping the hood just once.
Improper storage fuels a lot of accidents. Instead of tucking 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione on an open shelf, it fits better inside airtight containers that cut off moisture and air. Some chemicals break down or react just by sitting idle with humidity creeping in. Desiccators or tightly sealed bottles keep it dry and stable. Labels with hazard warnings and clear dates sidestep confusion—especially when everyone’s in a rush or at the start of a new project. In my experience, confusion leads right to mishandling or wasted time tracking the source of an odd smell.
Many folks believe written protocols are enough, but walking through procedures together lowers the chance of mistakes. Watching how senior chemists handle spills or unpack shipments sets expectations. Frequent short trainings keep safe habits fresh. New staff sometimes miss subtle warnings, like a faint odor or a cracked bottle. A culture where it’s normal to pause and double-check steps prevents stepped-on toes and worse—real injuries.
Staying safe with tricky compounds boils down to respect for the risks and cleaning up habits as new data comes in. It helps to revisit procedures yearly, inviting feedback from the team. Unexpected issues come up—vent hoods break, labels fall off, bottles age. Clear communication, patience, and real-world practice make the difference between a lab running smoothly and one facing regular close calls.
Purity often draws a line between safe, reliable results and costly surprises. Anyone handling 2-pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione in the lab knows that purity grades do more than fill a spec sheet—they impact outcomes in real experiments, impact regulatory paperwork, and, above all, shape safety profiles. Trying to cut corners with lesser grades sometimes leads to downstream headaches ranging from strange impurities throwing off results to difficult clean-up and containment procedures.
Walk into a chemical supplier’s catalog and options start with technical grade, often creeping up to research or analytical grades. Some suppliers even offer custom grades on request. Purities for this specific molecule commonly come in ranges such as 90%, 95%, or 98%, each carrying different impurity profiles. Refined versions work best in analytical applications, where side products interfere with detection, quantification, or chromatographic separation. For industrial applications, slightly lower grades sometimes prove acceptable when performance metrics allow some leeway. I once tried running an NMR with a lower-grade compound and ended up puzzled by peaks that made no sense. Lesson learned: clean material saves both time and budget in the long run.
Purity doesn’t stay only in the flask or bottle. Regulations, especially for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, hinge on rigorous documentation. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines expect detailed impurity lists, which tie directly to batch purity certificates. A simple certificate claiming 98% may suffice for many research settings, but in regulated workflows, even trace metals or solvent residues can force a batch out of compliance. Many labs handle this by demanding batch-specific certificates with supporting chromatograms. It takes effort from both suppliers and buyers: verifying lot numbers, checking supplier audit histories, and even running in-house verification when stakes run high.
Finding trusted suppliers who offer not only high purity, but robust transparency in documentation, sometimes proves challenging. Supply chain shocks, such as disruptions during the pandemic, illustrated how dependent labs are on a few specialty sources. Diversifying supplier relationships keeps projects moving, and negotiating clear purity specs in contracts often prevents headaches down the road. Personally, I learned to ask up front for detailed impurity profiles and skip over offers where documentation looks incomplete or vague. Batch differences do exist, and trusting a single, unverified lot can risk the entire project timeline.
It’s not about picking the “highest” number on the spec sheet, but matching the grade to the job. Academic labs often want the purest option, minimizing noise in their search for new signals. Industrial production sometimes rates cost savings higher, using “good enough” grades after careful validation. People managing procurement benefit from a close partnership with the technical team, making sure the chosen grade supports both performance and compliance goals. Each project leaves its mark on your sourcing habits—once you’ve faced a failed synthesis or regulatory rejection due to unnoticed impurities, attention to purity moves way up the priority list. That experience drives home the need for direct, honest discussion with your suppliers.
Smart buyers build checklists and do not rely solely on marketing claims. Reading recent literature helps spot commonly missed impurities, while connecting with supplier technical reps uncovers batch-to-batch quirks. In critical work, running pre-purchase samples through your own QA proves invaluable. Ultimately, building strong relationships with suppliers—alongside regular audits—helps spot potential purity issues before they snowball. Companies sticking to rigorous, transparent standards end up building lasting trust and reliability, supporting both quality science and business outcomes.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 3-(2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1,3-dione |
| Other names |
2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-1,3-dione 2-Pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione Pivaloylindandione |
| Pronunciation | /tuː paɪˈvælɔɪl tuː ˌdaɪˈhaɪdrəʊ wʌn θri ɪnˈdænˌdaɪoʊn/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 32981-86-5 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1208737 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:141836 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL3705683 |
| ChemSpider | 20265735 |
| DrugBank | DB08230 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 04ca59c9-4565-4eae-8ac2-9bfc005f33e1 |
| Gmelin Reference | 344605 |
| KEGG | C18622 |
| MeSH | D010913 |
| PubChem CID | 16132625 |
| RTECS number | UF3885000 |
| UNII | Q693633PG2 |
| UN number | UN3276 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DJ8O64C8EC |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C13H12O3 |
| Molar mass | 218.24 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.211 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Slightly soluble in water |
| log P | 2.3 |
| Acidity (pKa) | 4.94 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 13.33 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -26.4 × 10^-6 cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | n20/D 1.584 |
| Dipole moment | 3.50 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 410.4 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -831.3 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | B01AA15 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed. Causes serious eye irritation. Causes skin irritation. |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H315, H319, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P311, P314, P321, P330, P362+P364, P391, P405, P501 |
| Flash point | 102 °C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 (oral, rat) 413 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): **1210 mg/kg (rat, oral)** |
| NIOSH | KWQ450 |
| PEL (Permissible) | Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 10g,25g,100g |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Not listed |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Indandione 1,3-Indandione 2-Acyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione 2-Benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-indandione 2-Pivaloylindan-1,3-dione |
