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Chemical Name: 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene
Synonyms: DNN, Dinitronaphthalene
Chemical Formula: C10H6N2O4
Appearance: Yellowish crystalline solid, sometimes clumped if stored in moist environments
Odor: Faintly aromatic, sometimes sharp if impurities are present
CAS Number: 602-31-1
Hazard Class: Flammable solid, Explosive risk if heated or shocked
Health Hazards: Irritating to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Inhalation or ingestion can cause methemoglobinemia. Chronic exposure can threaten red blood cell function.
Environmental Hazards: Harmful to aquatic life, persistent in soil and water if spilled.
Signal Word: Danger (according to GHS)
Pictogram Guidance: Skull, exclamation mark, flame, environment
Main Ingredient: 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene (C10H6N2O4) at purities above 98% in most lab and industrial contexts. Impurities may include traces of mono-nitro or tri-nitro naphthalenes depending on origin or degradation.
Inhalation: Move to fresh air. Oxygen or artificial respiration if breathing is difficult. Medical attention for dizziness or shortness of breath.
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing, wash skin thoroughly with soap and water. Seek medical help for persistent irritation.
Eye Contact: Rinse cautiously with water for at least 15 minutes. Avoid rubbing. Consultation with ophthalmologist if discomfort continues.
Ingestion: Rinse mouth, do not induce vomiting. Hospital care strongly recommended. Observation for blue skin (cyanosis) or neurological symptoms.
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Dry chemical powder, foam, or CO2; do not use water directly on burning dinitro compounds.
Hazardous Combustion Products: Toxic fumes including nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide.
Precautions for Firefighters: Full gear and self-contained breathing apparatus needed. Evacuate area if fire grows.
Special Hazards: Risk of detonation from heat, friction, or shock.
Personal Precautions: Evacuate unnecessary personnel. Wear suitable gloves, goggles, and a face mask or respirator.
Methods for Cleanup: Collect dry material with non-sparking tools, avoid dust generation. Place in sealed, labeled containers for proper disposal. Ventilate area well.
Environmental Protection: Prevent entry into drains, waterways, or soil. Alert authorities if large spill occurs near a water supply.
Handling: Keep away from heat, sparks, open flames, and impact. Use only in well-ventilated zones with properly rated electrical equipment. Minimize dust.
Storage: Store in tightly closed containers in cool, dry, well-ventilated locations. Segregate from acids, reducing agents, and incompatible combustibles. Avoid stacking heavy containers above head height.
Exposure Limits: No government-mandated TWA has settled for 1,5-dinitronaphthalene, but handle as a Category 2 toxicant.
Engineering Controls: Fume hoods, explosion-proof exhausts, dust-collection systems strongly advised.
Personal Protective Equipment: Chemical-resistant gloves, long-sleeve lab coat, eye protection. Respiratory mask for dust or vapor risk. Emergency showers and eyewash stations should be close at hand.
Hygiene Measures: No eating, drinking, or smoking in work area. Wash hands and face after use.
Appearance: Yellow crystalline solid
Odor: Faint aromatic
Melting Point: Near 220°C
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Solubility: Poor in water, better in hot organic solvents
Density: Around 1.57 g/cm³
Vapor Pressure: Negligible at room temperature
Explosive Properties: Sensitivity to shock and friction increases above 100°C or when contaminated with strong acids/reducers
Partition Coefficient (log Kow): Moderately high, indicating persistence in fat-rich organisms
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage and handling conditions.
Incompatible Materials: Strong acids or bases, reducing agents, and reactive metals.
Conditions to Avoid: High heat, open flame, impact, or friction.
Hazardous Decomposition: Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other toxic gases on combustion.
Polymerization: No known polymerization risk, but breakdown may accelerate with improper storage.
Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, skin and eye contact.
Acute Effects: Irritation, headache, dizziness, methemoglobinemia (symptoms include shortness of breath, bluish skin).
Chronic Effects: Potential kidney and liver damage, anemia and central nervous system impacts.
Carcinogenicity: Classified as potentially mutagenic, with no conclusive animal cancer data.
Sensitization: Repeated skin exposure can trigger allergic response.
LD50: Limited published values; toxic in small to moderate doses.
Aquatic Toxicity: Harmful to fish and aquatic invertebrates, even at low concentrations.
Persistence and Degradability: Relatively stable, may remain for weeks or months in aquatic sediment without cleanup.
Bioaccumulation: Moderately likely in water-dwelling species, not quickly broken down by sunlight or microbes.
Mobility in Soil: Has potential to migrate through contaminated ground, especially after heavy rain.
Ecotoxic Effects: Contamination can spread from industrial sites if drainage controls are poor or runoff occurs.
Waste Disposal: Handle as hazardous waste. Incineration in facilities equipped to scrub nitrogen oxides is preferred. Do not bury or landfill without special permit. Avoid discharge into sewer or environment.
Contaminated Packaging: Triple-rinse and dispose as chemical waste. Never reuse containers that held 1,5-dinitronaphthalene.
Waste Generation Reduction: Careful inventory and use tracking cuts down on excess material requiring disposal.
UN Number: UN3344 (appropriate for nitro-aromatic compounds with explosive risk)
Transport Hazard Class: 4.1 (flammable solid, self-reactive)
Packing Group: II or III, depending on concentration and container size
Transport Labels: Flammable solid sign, keep away from combustibles and ignition sources.
General Handling: Only trained personnel should coordinate shipping of dinitronaphthalenes or any material this reactive.
OSHA: Covered under chemical hazard communication rules.
EPA: Recognized as a hazardous chemical under the Clean Water Act and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.
Other Regulations: Local, state, and federal agencies monitor storage and reporting for toxic and potentially explosive chemicals.
Worker Protection: Labs and factories must maintain strict labeling, training, and spill control plans to keep exposures low.
Community Safety: Neighborhoods near production or research facilities benefit from responsible notifications about chemicals on-site. Regular safety audits and emergency drills aimed at real-world scenarios—such as an accidental spill or fire—have a powerful impact on preventing small mistakes from turning into disasters.
