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Chemical Name: 1,3-Dinitrobenzene
Synonyms: m-Dinitrobenzene
Chemical Formula: C6H4N2O4
CAS Number: 99-65-0
Appearance: Pale yellow crystalline solid
Uses: Primarily used in organic synthesis, explosives manufacturing, dyes, and pharmaceuticals
Odor: Faint odor, not easily detectable at low concentrations
Molecular Weight: 168.11 g/mol
Hazard Class: Toxic and hazardous to health
Acute Effects: Poisoning through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact
Chronic Effects: Possible damage to blood and central nervous system with repeated or prolonged exposure
Notable Health Risks: Methemoglobinemia, anemia, dizziness, headache, nausea, respiratory distress
Environmental Hazard: Harmful to aquatic life; persistent in soil and water
Fire Hazard: Risk of explosion if heated or involved in fire; combustible under certain conditions
Main Component: 1,3-Dinitrobenzene, typically found at high purity in laboratory or industrial preparations
Impurities: Trace levels of other dinitrobenzene isomers can occasionally be present
Additives: Not commonly formulated with additives
Mixture: Seldom blended with other substances for standard use cases
Inhalation: Remove to fresh air, provide oxygen if breathing difficulties develop, seek immediate medical attention
Skin Contact: Wash thoroughly with soap and water; remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse
Eye Contact: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes; remove contact lenses if present; keep rinsing and get medical help
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting; rinse mouth; get immediate medical evaluation
Onset of Symptoms: Headache, fatigue, cyanosis, confusion; early response is critical to avoid long-term effects
Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide for small fires
Special Hazards: Thermal decomposition releases toxic nitrogen oxides
Protective Equipment: Firefighters require full protective gear and self-contained breathing apparatus
Explosion Risk: Vapors can be explosive if accumulated in a closed space
Tactics: Keep cool by spraying containers with water; prevent contaminated run-off from entering waterways
Personal Protection: Wear protective goggles, gloves, and clothing; avoid breathing dust or vapors
Containment: Evacuate area, contain spill to prevent environmental contamination
Clean-up: Collect materials using non-sparking tools and place in a sealable, clearly labeled container
Ventilation: Enhance airflow to disperse hazardous vapors
Reporting: Notify environmental and safety authorities if a release threatens water or soil
Safe Handling: Avoid generating dust; do not eat, drink, or smoke near areas where the compound is handled
Precautionary Measures: Use only with suitable ventilation and personal protection
Incompatible Materials: Store away from combustibles, strong reducing agents, acids
Storage Conditions: Keep in a tightly closed container in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place
Security: Restrict access to trained personnel; label storage area clearly
Occupational Exposure Limit: OSHA PEL: 0.1 ppm (skin); NIOSH REL: 0.1 ppm
Engineering Controls: Fume hoods, dedicated exhaust systems, automated handling equipment
Personal Protective Equipment: Chemical splash goggles, chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile or neoprene), protective clothing
Respiratory Protection: NIOSH-approved respirator for airborne concentrations above recommended exposure levels
Hygiene Requirements: Wash hands and exposed skin thoroughly after handling; do not take contaminated clothing outside work areas
Melting Point: 89 to 90°C
Boiling Point: 300°C
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, more soluble in alcohol and ether
Vapor Pressure: Low at ambient temperature
Density: Approximately 1.57 g/cm³
Flash Point: Greater than 150°C, but handle as a combustible solid
Appearance: Yellowish crystals with little odor
Stability Indicators: Stable under recommended conditions; sensitive to strong shocks or high heat
Stability: Stable at room temperature away from sources of ignition
Reactivity: Reacts with strong reducers, acids, and combustible materials
Incompatible Substances: Avoid alkalis, reducing agents, metals, especially in finely divided form
Decomposition Products: Exposure to fire generates carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter
Polymerization: Does not undergo hazardous polymerization, but rapid decomposition is possible under improper storage
Acute Toxicity: Highly toxic by all routes; LD50 for oral exposure in rats ranges around 50-250 mg/kg
Main Symptoms: Methemoglobinemia, shortness of breath, cyanosis, lethargy, unconsciousness
Chronic Exposure Risks: Blood disorders, neurological damage, possible reproductive toxicant effects
Skin Effects: Absorption can be significant, increasing the risk of systemic effects
Carcinogenic Status: Not classified as proven carcinogen by IARC or EPA; long-term effects not fully established
Aquatic Toxicity: Extremely toxic to aquatic organisms even at low concentrations
Persistence and Degradability: Resistant to natural breakdown; can persist in soil and water for months
Bioaccumulation: Potential to accumulate in aquatic organisms, amplifying ecosystem harm
Mobility: May migrate into groundwater from spill sites
Degradation Products: Breakdown in environment mostly yields nitroaromatic compounds, some more toxic than the parent molecule
Disposal Method: Incineration in a chemical incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber
Regulatory Guideline: Classed as hazardous waste under RCRA and local strategies
Contaminated Packaging: Decontaminate or dispose of as hazardous waste
Pre-Treatment: Avoid pouring down drains, into natural bodies of water, or onto land; specialized waste management is mandatory
Proper Shipping Name: Dinitrobenzenes, solid
UN Number: UN 0074
Transport Hazard Class: 6.1 (Toxic substances)
Packing Group: II
Special Precautions: Secure packaging to prevent spills; ship with detailed labels; keep away from foodstuffs and incompatible materials
Road, Rail, and Air: Subject to strict federal regulations for hazardous substances
OSHA: Listed as hazardous; occupational exposure limit applies
EPA: Considered hazardous waste; subject to hazardous substance reporting and stringent release controls
TSCA: Listed on the Toxic Substances Control Act inventory
EU Regulation: Classified as hazardous under REACH; risk and safety phrases required
Canada WHMIS: Controlled product; strict disclosure and occupational controls
