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Chemical Name: 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene
Common Synonyms: TNB, Trinitro-1,3,5-benzene
CAS Number: 99-35-4
Appearance: Yellow crystalline solid
Odor: Odorless or faintly aromatic
Use Areas: Explosives manufacture, chemical research, sometimes used as a standard in analytical chemistry
Formula: C6H3N3O6
Main Dangers: Explosive hazard, toxic if inhaled or swallowed, strong irritant to eyes and skin
Health Risks: May cause headaches, dizziness, nausea on exposure; possible liver and kidney effects from prolonged contact
Environmental Risks: Harmful to aquatic life, persistent in environments, limited natural degradation
Fire/Explosion Risk: Powerful explosive; danger heightened under impact, friction, high temperatures, or presence of contaminants
Label Elements: Explosive symbol, toxic label, strong warning about handling
Main Ingredient: 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (C6H3N3O6)
Purity: Typically above 98 percent in laboratory samples
Potential Impurities: None significant for commercial production, trace unreacted benzene compounds may occur in some batches
Inhalation: Move to fresh air, support breathing as needed; seek medical attention for persistent symptoms
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing, wash skin with large amounts of water, seek help if irritation continues
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes carefully with water for at least fifteen minutes, lifting eyelids regularly; medical attention if discomfort continues
Ingestion: Rinse mouth carefully, do not induce vomiting; seek immediate medical care due to possible systemic toxicity
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or water spray in small amounts only if explosion risk has been assessed; do not use direct water stream on bulk product
Firefighter Precautions: Full protective gear including self-contained breathing apparatus; extreme caution due to blast hazard
Key Hazards: Detonation possible under fire conditions; releases toxic fumes including nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide on combustion
Personal Protection: Keep away unnecessary personnel, use face protection, gloves, chemical-resistant clothing
Environmental Precautions: Avoid material reaching drains or waterways, contain by dyking with inert material
Clean-Up Methods: Avoid creating dust, use spark-proof tools, collect carefully into containers for safe disposal; avoid any friction or impact
Handling: Work in small amounts, require non-sparking equipment, keep away from open flames and hot surfaces, avoid unintentional impact or friction
Storage: Store in secure, cool, dry, well-ventilated facility isolated from combustible materials and incompatible chemicals, prefer metal or glass containers with antistatic features
Storage Temperature: Maintain below room temperature when possible, definitely keep away from heat sources
Incompatibility: Strong reducing agents, acids, alkalis, sources of ignition, shock, and static discharge
Ventilation: Use high-efficiency local exhaust in handling areas, avoid recirculation of process air
Respiratory Protection: NIOSH-approved particulate respirator or full-face mask for significant exposure concerns
Skin Protection: Impervious gloves, full-length clothing, preferably disposable overalls
Eye Protection: Chemical safety goggles, full-face shield preferred during transfer or pouring
Hygiene Measures: Wash hands and exposed skin thoroughly after handling, avoid eating or drinking during use
Appearance: Pale yellow crystals, sharp-edged
Molecular Weight: 213.10 g/mol
Melting Point: Around 121°C
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Density: Approximately 1.76 g/cm³
Solubility: Poorly soluble in water, more soluble in organic solvents like acetone, ethanol
Vapor Pressure: Negligible at room temperature
Odor Threshold: Essentially odorless at normal concentrations
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage, highly sensitive to heat, shock, and impact
Reactivity: Reacts dangerously with reducing agents and strong alkalis; decomposes at higher temperatures with risk of detonation
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, possibly toxic smoke on combustion or thermal breakdown
Possible Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, skin and eye contact
Short-Term Effects: Dizziness, headache, nausea, possible methemoglobinemia (interfering with oxygen in the blood), strong local irritation
Long-Term Effects: Evidence for blood and liver toxicity, kidney effects through extended or repeated exposure
Sensitization: No clear evidence in routine use, but potential exists for skin sensitization in sensitive individuals
Carcinogenicity: Not classified as carcinogenic by major regulators, but long-term studies limited
Aquatic Toxicity: Strongly toxic to aquatic organisms, can inhibit critical biological processes, and persist in sediments or water columns
Persistence: Resists biological degradation, tends to accumulate in the environment, risk of transport to larger ecosystems
Bioaccumulation: Some evidence for moderate bioaccumulation in aquatic species
Mobility: Weakly mobile in soil due to low solubility, runoff risk increases with spills or poor disposal
Waste Handling: Treat as hazardous explosive waste; neutralize or destroy only by licensed facilities equipped for energetic materials
Methods: Controlled incineration or chemical destruction under strict professional oversight, never dispose with ordinary waste streams
Container Disposal: Decontaminate fully before disposal; containers may require return to supplier after use
Legal Obligations: Follow local, national, and international regulations for explosives and toxic materials
UN Number: Classified as a dangerous good, typically UN 1321 for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene
Hazard Class: Class 1 (Explosives) under international regulations
Packing Group: Refers to highest risk group due to explosive power
Transport Requirements: Shipment allowed only by licensed professionals, requires specialized packaging, strong legal paperwork, and labeled as an explosive
Major Controls: Strict national and international restrictions for manufacture, transport, use, and disposal, similar to military-grade explosives
Labeling: Requires strong hazard warnings, clear indication of explosive and toxic risks
Reporting: Incidents, spills, or missing inventory must be reported to regulatory authorities without delay
Worker Protection: Mandatory safety training, regular health monitoring for employees handling or using 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene
