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There’s something about the story of organic peroxides—especially those like 1,1-Bis(Tert-Butylperoxy)Cyclohexane—that shows the steady climb of modern chemistry. This compound didn’t just pop up one morning in a research lab; instead, its beginnings trace back decades, woven into the development of radical initiators for polymer processing. Chemists chasing better ways to build plastics and rubbers experimented with diacyl and dialkyl peroxides, pushing the boundaries of molecular stability and controlled reactivity. The arrival of dialkyl peroxides with cyclic structures marked a real leap in performance, especially as industries demanded scaling-up from pilot labs to full production. The dynamics around this compound—its introduction through patent filings, regulatory hurdles, and the search for safer and more effective alternatives—mirror the broader arc of synthetic chemical progress. Growing up amid the 20th-century plastics boom, I saw first-hand how news of a new peroxide could ripple through the world of materials science, offering hope for tougher, longer-lasting, more cost-effective products or sparking concern among those handling such energetic molecules.
1,1-Bis(Tert-Butylperoxy)Cyclohexane holds a strong footing as a free-radical initiator used in the polymer and rubber industries. With a formula that straddles volatile energy and relative shelf stability, the product serves mostly in compositions that balance a content of 52-80% active ingredient with up to 48% diluent, usually a hydrocarbon to moderate its powerful reactivity. There's no mystery about what attracts industry to this molecule: dependable oxygen-oxygen bonds that split under heat, kicking off chain reactions essential for curing elastomers and crosslinking polyolefins. The fact that it can be distributed at several concentration grades hints at the practical need for fine-tuned reactivity, not one-size-fits-all chemistry. It’s often available as a mixture with diluents—to reduce shock sensitivity and make storage safer—which points straight to tough lessons learned over years of industrial accidents and regulatory scrutiny.
Taking a closer look at 1,1-Bis(Tert-Butylperoxy)Cyclohexane, you can see why safety officers pay so much attention. Picture a straw-colored, oily liquid—sometimes almost clear, depending on the formulation—with a faint but distinct organic smell. Unlike water or simple alcohols, these peroxides don’t give many easy clues about their energy just by looking. The boiling point hovers higher than room temperature, pushing the need for sealed drums and temperature controls in transit and storage. Chemists treat the active oxygen bonds with almost superstitious care, since a little heat or friction paves the way for decomposition, lots of heat, and sometimes violence. I've seen companies invest in elaborate cooling and venting systems, learning from explosions elsewhere. Good practice means handling with gloves, keeping away from strong acids, and reading the label before moving a drum.
Modern regulations demand clear, honest technical data and labels that leave little to doubt. Suppliers give concentration ranges so buyers know just what they’re getting, and what limits to stick to. Batch codes, synthesis dates, and hazard pictograms form the new standard. Any drum should boldly display flammability and health warnings; the memory of factory fires makes this more than just red tape. The specifics—like the range of diluent concentration and recommended storage conditions—aren’t just for show, since they can mark the line between an uneventful day and a disaster. It’s one thing to skim material safety data sheets in a classroom, but in a real plant, many find the details far too easy to overlook until an alarm rings.
The pathway to making 1,1-Bis(Tert-Butylperoxy)Cyclohexane starts with the right raw materials: cyclohexanone, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and acid catalysts in the right proportions. The process involves controlled reaction environments—low temperatures and measured additions—so the highly exothermic process doesn't run away. Disciplining every batch against overheating, contamination, or poor mixing isn’t a glamorous task, but it forms the core job for chemical engineers. The hunt for higher yields and purer output leads to continuous tweaks of catalysts and process conditions, and teams at production facilities learn to recognize subtle shifts, even from reactor sound or smell, that signal potential danger or valuable improvements. Looking back, I remember how much respect was paid to those who could walk a process line and spot where better control might prevent another close call.
The core of this compound’s value sits in the reactivity of the peroxide bonds. Surrounded by bulky tert-butyl groups and that rigid cyclohexane ring, the peroxide link splits apart at elevated temperatures, producing radicals to start or drive polymerization. Small tweaks to the molecule—swapping the cyclohexane ring, altering side groups, playing with the ratio—change both the onset temperature and the speed of decomposition. These tweaks have poured years of research into making the material better-suited for dense polymer blocks or elastic rubbers. I recall seeing how a slight alteration in process parameters or feedstock purity could lead to batches with vastly different performance, which sharpens the lesson that chemistry in the factory is as much art as science.
The official name—1,1-Bis(Tert-Butylperoxy)Cyclohexane—sometimes gives way to more approachable labels in catalogs: Diperoxide, DTBPC, or similar product names, depending on the supplier or country. The shifting vocabulary can cause confusion for those navigating global supply chains, and I’ve seen orders go astray because technicians relied on a short name, only to find the wrong grade or an incompatible stabilizer. Sorting out synonyms isn’t just semantics in chemical sourcing; it makes the difference between a tight process and troubleshooting an unexpected result.
If there’s one thing the chemical industry has learned, it’s that shortcuts on safety never pay. 1,1-Bis(Tert-Butylperoxy)Cyclohexane demands respect because of its energetic tendencies. Regulations from OSHA, REACH, and other authorities shape every move—ventilation, static control, explosion-proof containers, temperature alarms, and procedures for spills or leaks. My experience stood me in good stead working with plant operators: constant refreshers on procedures, staged emergency drills, and a willingness to challenge anyone taking a risk—all of this culture grows from hard experience. Real adoption of safety standards grows up from the shop floor more than the legal department, which means workers need practical, specific training—not just sign-offs on paper. Safer operational models come when managers listen to those with years behind the controls and update routines based on real-life lessons, not just what’s printed in codes.
Its main place is as a free-radical initiator for the polymer and rubber industries. This peroxide drives cross-linking reactions that give products like insulation, hoses, or soles their toughness, elasticity, and long life. The use in polyethylene and polypropylene processing continues to grow as industries switch to more durable plastics for everything from electronics to automotive parts. Engineers rely on the carefully measured release of radicals—too fast means scorching the product, too slow means unfinished properties. The push toward finer, more consistent materials keeps this compound in demand, although process experts must balance performance goals with worker safety and questions about environmental impact. Real progress happens not just with better machines but with honest conversations between suppliers, factory-floor technicians, and designers out in the field.
The research path keeps winding. Scientists and engineers push for new modifications—improved thermal stability, lower toxicity, or easier blending into resins. Many research projects focus on broadening the application window, so the initiator works with a wider range of temperatures or allows newer types of plastics to form. A lot of current work involves looking at additives that can help scavenge side products or ways to catch and neutralize decomposition gases. At one lab I visited, a team tracked every detail of radical formation to see how trace impurities shaped product performance. Partnerships between universities and industry try to turn esoteric findings into safer, smarter, more efficient chemicals available at global scale. For those looking at future careers, there is satisfaction in working with both classic compounds and tomorrow’s versions as part of an evolving process rather than a locked-down standard.
Every new result about the toxicity and environmental fate of 1,1-Bis(Tert-Butylperoxy)Cyclohexane stirs interest, especially as regulatory limits tighten. Studies track acute and chronic exposure, effects on aquatic life, and what happens when spills leach into soil or water. While the material’s volatility means it doesn’t linger in the air, the breakdown products may carry risks if disposal is sloppy. Periodic concerns arise about skin or respiratory irritation among workers, pushing constant updates to handling guidelines. The history of industrial health is littered with missed warnings, so better monitoring, improved PPE, and honest communication with labor groups get a sharper focus than ever before. When policy shifts, companies scramble to update safety and disposal practices; from my own industry experience, those who plan for tougher rules find it easier to keep up than those who cling to older habits.
The future of 1,1-Bis(Tert-Butylperoxy)Cyclohexane depends on both technology and the mood of regulation. Demand for safer, greener initiators rises as public awareness and political attention turn scrutiny on every step from chemical plant to landfill. Upsides grow for those who can engineer lower-toxicity variants or develop closed-loop systems that capture and recycle waste. Innovation in materials science—like smart polymers or medical-grade elastomers—could keep this compound relevant, provided new research supports its performance and safety in demanding conditions. The next wave of growth will likely come not from routine use but from smart adaptation: cleaner processes, more transparent labeling, and partnerships with downstream users who want both the best chemical properties and a smaller environmental footprint. My experience with the shifting landscape tells me companies that tie business goals to the values of their workers, neighbors, and customers will define the next chapter of chemical manufacturing, building on the hard-won lessons of the past.
Most folks rarely think about the chemicals hidden deep inside things we use every day. One such name, 1,1-Bis(Tert-Butylperoxy)Cyclohexane, hardly rolls off the tongue, yet carries weight in the world of plastics. In this concentration, with around half the content and a chunk of Type A diluent, it acts as a powerhouse for making plastics tougher, reliable, and suited for heavy use.
Looking back on my own run-ins with chemical manufacturing, I remember the rush during plant inspections—rolling barrels labeled with technical names, the strong smells, the watchful eyes trained on safety gauges. In those halls, compounds like this one pretty much call the shots during polyethylene and polypropylene production. It isn’t just a background player. In those giant, humming reactors, this chemical drives the process called crosslinking, connecting long plastic chains so they handle more heat, pressure, and stress.
Imagine city power cables, car parts stuck under the hood, or insulation that doesn’t melt the moment the sun beats down. All rely on plastics toughened up through crosslinking, and that’s where this chemical steps up. Back in my apprentice days, the frustration over failed insulation batches led us to comb through every variable. More often than not, the root cause involved mistakes with initiators like 1,1-Bis(Tert-Butylperoxy)Cyclohexane—proving just how central it is. Without the right initiator, those shiny pellets churned out might as well be putty: weak, easy to tear, unable to survive real-world use.
Polyethylene pipes, a fixture in city infrastructure, show just how much rides on proper chemical use. Crosslinked polyethylene, also called PEX, lines water systems and radiant heating. The houses that stay warm year round trace their comfort to these quiet chemical workers. It’s easy to forget, but for the millions of homes depending on safe plumbing and electrical insulation, companies can’t cut corners with the quality of their initiators. If manufacturers switched or diluted the chemical for short-term savings, field failures would follow fast. Fires, leaks, lawsuits—public trust would vanish overnight.
Any plant dealing with this chemical faces risk. Its high-energy peroxide structure means one mistake can set off a fire or explosion. During a plant visit last year, I saw firsthand how dedicated teams work to set strict containment policies, handle only what’s needed, and keep detailed logs showing every step. Safety demands good storage—separating fuel sources, tightly controlling temperature, regular checks on container seals.
Training also makes the difference between routine shifts and disaster. Operators who know the peculiar personalities of peroxides can spot trouble early, from minor leaks to color changes hinting at contamination. For smaller manufacturers, partnering with bigger firms or relying on expert third-party handlers removes much of the guesswork.
Where governments legislate, enforcing clear guidelines on shipping and disposal raises the bar for everyone. Open reporting lines encourage whistleblowers and frontline workers to speak up about mismatches or cut corners. These steps may look small from the outside, but having lived the rhythm of production plants, I’ve seen no shortcuts hold up in the long run. It takes watchful eyes, real training, and good oversight to let this chemical do its job without trouble, building safer products from the ground up.
Every product comes with a label, and somewhere near the bottom, you’ll find fine print on storage. A lot of people barely glance at it. But there’s real risk in ignoring that advice. Bad storage wrecks a product long before its printed expiration date. In my own pantry, I’ve seen perfectly good food go stale or lose flavor just from sitting too close to the oven. Even a shift of a few degrees can invite moisture, heat, or sunlight to change the chemistry of what’s inside a package, whether that product is food, medicine, or even simple household cleaners.
Manufacturers don’t guess at storage advice. There’s research, quality testing, and legal requirements behind every recommendation. Light, for example, doesn’t just make colors fade. It triggers chemical reactions in vitamins, oils, or pharmaceutical compounds, sometimes breaking down what makes the product useful. I learned the hard way after leaving multivitamins on a sunlit counter. Potency dropped long before they looked different on the outside.
Moisture causes headaches, too. It creates a breeding ground for mold or makes powders clump and spoil. Even items like batteries suffer—humidity can corrode contacts and leak into devices. Storing products in a dry, cool spot means their shelf life aligns with what the manufacturer promises, so you get what you pay for.
The kitchen feels like a natural place to stash groceries, but it’s not always the best spot. Storing flour next to the dishwasher or under a sink invites steam and warmth to work their ruin. Instead, a high shelf in a closet or a pantry without drastic temperature swings treats dry ingredients much more kindly. Medicines left in the bathroom often get exposed to humidity and temperature changes with every shower. A bedroom drawer or linen closet, away from sunlight and excess moisture, protects pills or ointments much better.
For items that warn about keeping out of direct sunlight or at controlled temperatures, simple solutions often make a bigger difference than you’d expect. A dark jar, covered container, or even a cardboard box offers enough protection from light for most household goods. Refrigeration isn’t always necessary—sometimes it does more harm if condensation forms inside containers with repeated opening and closing.
Professionals in labs and pharmacies rely on regular monitoring. Thermometers and hygrometers cost little and reveal a lot. Tracking the temperature and humidity in where products are stored takes the guesswork out of the equation. In my experience running a small shop, even a simple sticky thermometer next to over-the-counter remedies stopped waste. Spoiled batches dropped sharply once I kept products within the recommended conditions.
Start with a quick read of the packaging—not just the instructions but those storage tips toward the end. It’s easy to overlook, but those details come from trial and testing, and following them pays off. For items especially sensitive to temperature, a portable cooler or insulated bag works wonders on hot days coming home from the store. Above all, aiming for stability—steady, moderate temperatures and low humidity—goes further than any special gadget or trick.
Good storage isn’t fussy or high-tech. It’s about respecting the years of work that went into getting the product safely into your hands. Following storage advice means you get the quality you expect and waste less—both money and resources.
Even after years in labs and factories, I still feel a healthy dose of respect whenever I open a new drum or canister. No matter how familiar something seems, experience shows that a brief distraction can lead to burns, lung trouble, or even worse. Many of us remember methyl ethyl ketone fumes stinging the nose or caustic soda jumping out of a bucket onto the hand. Danger comes fast, without much warning, and so keeping safety front and center matters far more than any shortcut.
Some rules sound basic, almost too simple, but in the rush of a busy workday, skipping a single glove or ignoring torn goggles easily leads to trouble. Personal protective equipment isn’t just a box to check. Proper gloves that resist chemical corrosion, snug goggles that keep vapors away from your eyes, and sturdy lab coats or aprons all count for something. These layers catch splashes before they cause damage. Always choose gloves that match the chemical—nitrile for solvents, rubber for acids. A cotton glove won’t save anyone from an acid burn.
Proper ventilation saves lungs. Decent fume hoods or at least a fan directed away from the working area help drift vapors out before they build up. I’ve been in rooms where ammonia lingers so strong that a skipped hood left eyes watering and throats raw. Even if something seems “not so bad,” it’s the dose, not just the direct effect, that brings long-term harm—facts the American Chemical Society and OSHA both make clear.
No label, no trust. I never open an unlabeled container, no matter how certain I feel about what’s inside. Fact sheets provided by trusted institutions give the background on what to expect—reactivity, flammability, and which household cleaners or water must stay far away. For reactive or volatile chemicals, keeping a small bottle of neutralizer or spill kit nearby offers quick backup if things go wrong. Pouring acids into water, not water into acid, sounds old-fashioned, but many a hospital visit owes itself to skipping just that step.
Spill prevention beats cleanup. Clearing a bench and using a fresh absorbent mat before starting means fewer distractions. I tell newcomers: keep only what you need for the task on hand. Too many bottles crowding the bench or stored above head level means one distracted turn can tip over a hazardous solution.
Working alone with dangerous chemicals brings risks no checklist can solve. Someone nearby, even if only to call for help, can save a life when seconds count. Having an unblocked exit, a running eyewash station, and a clear plan for spills stays in my mind every day. Facilities that run regular drills and drill down on emergency routes stay safer than those who assume people will “just know” what to do when alarm bells ring.
Great safety culture grows from repeated hands-on practice. I’ve lost count of how many times I’ve started a shift with a quick run-through of emergency steps with new colleagues. Simple habit, not just rules posted on the wall, keeps hands steady and steps sure when accidents start. Following proper disposal, keeping containers closed, and double-checking storage limits aren’t just bureaucracy; those habits stop fires and poisonings before they start.
In any workplace, spills or leaks aren’t some far-off scenario. They pop up just when you least expect it, especially when dealing with chemicals, fuels, or cleaning agents. I’ve seen firsthand how a small leak can spiral into a big issue—creating serious health risks and environmental trouble. If people let a spill slide, everyone pays the price, from employees to neighbors down the street. OSHA points out that effective containment is about saving lives and preventing harm. The responsibility lands firmly on the people who handle these products every day.
Spotting a spill calls for quick thinking. I remember one particularly rough day at the shop when a drum of solvent tipped over. The fumes hit instantly and eyes started watering. Immediate evacuation came before anything else. That moment hammered home how real it gets, and why trained workers make a difference. For toxic or flammable liquids, everyone must clear out, alert someone in charge, and follow a response plan. Having a plan ready before mistakes happen saves a lot of panic later.
Personal protective equipment proves its worth in these times—gloves, goggles, respirators. Relying on regular shop rags or open hands only raises the risk. Clearly marked spill kits loaded with absorbents, neutralizers, and disposal bags aren’t luxury items. They turn frantic moments into manageable ones. Regular drills make sure people actually use them instead of freezing up or improvising dangerously.
The product type shapes almost everything about clean-up. Water-based spills don’t carry the same threat as concentrated acids or fuels, but ignoring either isn’t wise. Barricading the area slows spread and limits exposure. Containment booms, absorbent pillows, and mats soak up liquids and keep contaminants from reaching drains or soil. Shoving sawdust or kitty litter around doesn’t cut it, though some still learn this lesson the hard way.
On one occasion, a friend tried cleaning up an oil spill with dry rags, only to make a mess that took twice as long to fix. The EPA wants proper absorbents and labels every time hazardous waste gets packed for disposal. Sending mishandled waste offsite invites fines and, worst of all, environmental harm. Investing in the right disposal bins and consulting waste management pros creates safer sites and fewer legal headaches.
Once the spill’s gone, figuring out what led to it matters even more. Poor storage, faulty containers, rushed handling—small habits grow into giant problems. I’ve seen workplaces leap ahead by holding regular safety trainings, inspecting storage areas, and replacing worn gear. EPA and OSHA both recommend steps like secondary containment and leak detection systems, which take pressure off individuals and catch issues early.
Open communication stands out as the best tool. If people get used to sharing near-misses and improvement ideas, the whole workplace grows safer. Management that listens and invests in safer equipment sends a message: everyone’s health counts. That willingness to learn from each spill, rather than just mop it up and move on, builds a culture stronger than any rulebook.
Nobody enjoys dealing with leaks, but true safety doesn’t happen by accident. Real solutions come from steady routines, clear guidance, and folks looking out for each other—no shortcuts, no guessing. It’s that simple.
In every step of manufacturing, blending one piece with the next means one product’s behavior affects another. Factories run into trouble when a certain substance doesn’t play well with its neighbors. Whether it’s a binding agent, a lubricant, a solvent, or simply a filler, one ingredient can either save dollars and downtime or bring work grinding to a stop. Some may brush off compatibility checks, but that shortcut often brings bigger headaches than the ones it seemed to solve.
Years of practical work in production lines have taught many that not all chemicals or materials mesh together. For example, mixing an oily release agent with a water-based paint can result in flaky, patchy coverage. On a more technical note, some plastics react poorly with certain adhesives, leading to brittle welds or joints that pull apart under stress. These issues often cost real money—sometimes in wasted material, sometimes in lost contracts, sometimes in damage to equipment that nobody saw coming.
Engineers and operators don’t just ask about compatibility to cover their backs. They know even small interactions can matter on the scale of thousands of parts made every day. A supplier’s slick brochure or a data sheet may promise the world, but only real-life testing and reliable science reveal how substances behave in a given setup. I’ve seen hand-waving explanations in boardrooms dissolve when a simple compatibility issue held up a massive order.
People sourcing new parts or chemicals need more than claims. They need published evidence. Research published by The Journal of Applied Polymer Science shows that improper mixing of certain compounds leads to reduced working lifespans in everything from automotive components to building insulation. Suppliers who share proper test results and case histories build real trust. That’s the backbone of E-E-A-T: expertise, experience, authority, and trust. Businesses don’t gamble on empty words—they look for clear evidence a product won’t clash with other materials or react unpredictably under the heat, pressure, or humidity found in daily use.
A manufacturer interested in quality keeps asking: “Does this work with what we already use?” This seems obvious, but time, cost, and pressure sometimes push teams to skip steps. When new products hit the market—especially ones promising higher yield or faster cure times—everyone gets curious. The risk grows when a product label only gives a general statement: “compatible with most polymers.” That doesn’t cut it. One job may involve ABS, another polycarbonate. Each reacts differently with flame retardants, pigments, or plasticizers.
A better approach: insist on test samples. Ask for real-world references. Reach out to other manufacturers already using the product. If possible, run in-house compatibility tests under expected production conditions. This may sound like extra work. It’s nothing compared to the cost of having to recall product batches or shut down a line because one ingredient caused unexpected failures.
Manufacturing teams shouldn’t be content with vague reassurances from supplier sales teams. They should demand substance—test reports, SDS sheets, and documented performance under expected conditions. Companies set up for better outcomes train their teams to spot warning signs in material datasheets: unknowns, unclear chemical makeup, missing test data. At the same time, they foster a culture where equipment operators freely flag concerns about new materials rather than rushing ahead. That’s how quality stays strong, productivity remains steady, and costly surprises stay rare.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 1,1-Bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane |
| Other names |
1,1-Bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, Type A diluent mixture 1,1-Bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, mixture with Type A diluent Peroxide, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-cyclohexane, mixture with Type A diluent |
| Pronunciation | /ˈwʌn wʌn bɪs ˌtɜrt ˈbɜːr.ksoʊ saɪ.kloʊˈhɛk.seɪn/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 3006-82-4 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1911629 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:91255 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1651880 |
| ChemSpider | 21313897 |
| DrugBank | DB14004 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03-2119944180-55-0007 |
| EC Number | 216-678-1 |
| Gmelin Reference | 1465026 |
| KEGG | C19668 |
| MeSH | D016663 |
| PubChem CID | 69117 |
| RTECS number | SN1225000 |
| UNII | 81J93151ZR |
| UN number | 3105 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C18H36O4 |
| Molar mass | 338.5 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless to pale yellow transparent liquid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 0.94 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble |
| log P | 5.87 |
| Vapor pressure | < 0.1 hPa (20 °C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | 12.2 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 12.1 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -0.74e-6 cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.434 |
| Viscosity | 15.4 mPa·s at 20°C |
| Dipole moment | 2.98 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 570.557 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -270.6 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -9426.7 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | D01AE55 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Heating may cause a fire or explosion. Harmful if swallowed. Causes serious eye irritation. May cause respiratory irritation. May cause drowsiness or dizziness. May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS05, GHS07, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | GHS02,GHS05,GHS07,GHS08 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | H242, H302, H315, H317, H319, H332, H335, H351, H410 |
| Precautionary statements | H226, H242, H302, H315, H319, H335, P210, P220, P234, P235, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P332+P313, P337+P313, P370+P378, P403+P235, P411+P235, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 3-4-4-W |
| Flash point | 70°C |
| Autoignition temperature | 145°C (293°F) |
| Explosive limits | 3.9% (V) ~ 11.1% (V) |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD₅₀ Oral Rat: > 5000 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | Rat oral LD50: 4950 mg/kg |
| PEL (Permissible) | 100 ppm |
| REL (Recommended) | 5 kg |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Unknown |
